IRLF 


376 


1D7    SD1 


THE  EXHIBITS 


OF   THE 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

AT   THE 

PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL 
EXPOSITION 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA 
1915 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA 

NINETEEN   HUNDRED   FIFTEEN 


GIFT  OF 


THE  EXHIBITS 


OF   THE 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

"  / 

AT   THE 

PANAMA- PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL 
EXPOSITION 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA 
1915 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  CALIFORNIA 

NINETEEN   HUNDRED  FIFTEEN 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 
PRESS  OF  H.  S.  CROCKER  CO. 


- 


; 

j  *  •* 


THE  EXHIBITS 

OF  THE 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

AT 

SAN  FRANCISCO 


THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  at  Washington  City  in  1846  under  the  terms  of  the  will 
of  James  Smithson  who  bequeathed  his  fortune  to  the  United  States 
"for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 

"Every  man  is  a  valuable  member  of  society  who  by  his  observations, 
researches,  and  experiments,  procures  knowledge  for  men." — Smithson. 

James  Smithson,  an  Englishman,  born  1765,  graduate  of  Oxford 
University  1786,  Master  of  Arts,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  chemist 
and  mineralogist,  died  in  Italy  in  1829,  bequeathing  his  fortune  "to  the 
United  States  of  America  to  found  at  Washington,  under  the  name  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  an  establishment  for  the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men." 

The  Congress  of  the  United  States  accepted  the  Smithson  bequest 
and  in  1846,  after  careful  deliberation,  enacted  a  law  organizing  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  Its  statutory  members  are  the  President,  the 
Vice-President,  and  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
President's  Cabinet.  It  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  Regents  consisting 
of  the  Vice-President  and  the  Chief  Justice,  as  ex-officio  members, 
three  members  of  the  United  States  Senate,  three  members  of  the  House 
of  Representatives,  and  six  citizens  of  the  United  States  appointed  by 
joint  resolution  of  Congress. 

The  presiding  officer  of  the  Board  of  Regents  is  the  Chancellor  of 
the  Institution,  who  is  elected  by  the  Regents  from  among  their  own 
number.  The  present  Chancellor  is  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United 
States. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Institution,  elected  by  the  Regents,  is  its 
executive  officer  and  the  director  of  its  operations. 

The  Institution  proper  is  maintained  by  the  income  of  its  perma- 
nent fund.  The  original  Smithson  bequest  and  legacy  of  $541,000  has 
been  increased  by  gifts  and  bequests  from  others,  enlarging  the  per- 
manent fund  to  a  little  more  than  $1,000,000.  The  Regents  are 


r i  /»  r' 


4  THE   EXHIBITS   OF  THE   SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

empowered  to  accept  gifts,  without  action  of  Congress,  in  furtherance 
of  the  purposes  of  the  Institution,  and  to  administer  trusts  in  accord 
therewith.  Many  important  researches  and  expeditions,  particularly 
during  recent  years,  have  also  been  aided  by  special  trusts  provided  by 
private  patrons  of  the  Institution. 

Several  bureaus  or  branches,  developed  through  its  early  activities, 
are  administered  by  the  Institution  with  the  aid  of  annual  Congressional 
appropriations  amounting  to  about  $600,000.  These  include  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  and  the  National  Gallery  of  Art;  the  Inter- 
national Exchange  Service;  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology;  the 
National  Zoological  Park;  the  Astrophysical  Observatory;  and  the 
United  States  Regional  Bureau  of  the  International  Catalogue  of 
Scientific  Literature. 

The  Smithsonian  is  not  an  educational  institution  of  the  nature  of 
a  university  with  a  corps  of  professors  and  students,  and  yet  its 
educational  functions  are  of  the  highest  ranks,  for  the  members  of 
its  scientific  staff  and  its  many  collaborators  are  constantly  engaged  in 
investigations  in  which  students  of  science  in  all  its  branches  par- 
ticipate ;  and  the  Museum  collections  and  the  collection  of  animals  in 
the  Zoological  Park  are  a  constant  source  of  original  information  to 
specialists  and  to  groups  of  pupils  from  public  and  private  schools  in 
Washington  and  elsewhere. 

For  the  Increase  of  Knowledge  the  Institution  aids  investigators  by 
making  limited  grants  for  research  and  exploration.  It  advises  the 
Government  in  many  matters  of  scientific  importance.  It  cooperates 
with  all  departments  of  the  Government  and  with  many  scientific  and 
historical  national  organizations. 

From  the  Hodgkins  Fund,  established  by  Thomas  G.  Hodgkins  of 
New  York,  the  income  of  $100,000  is  devoted  by  direction  of  the 
donor  to  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  more  exact  knowledge  in  regard 
to  the  nature  and  properties  of  atmospheric  air  in  connection  with  the 
welfare  of  mankind.  Numerous  investigations  on  the  "composition  of 
expired  air  and  its  effects  upon  animal  life,"  the  "air  of  towns,"  "animal 
resistance  to  disease ;"  researches  in  connection  with  the  "temperature, 
pressure,  radiation,  and  other  features  of  the  atmosphere;"  "the  rela- 
tion of  atmospheric  air  to  tuberculosis"  and  many  other  lines  of  inves- 
tigation have  been  aided  by  grants  from  the  Hodgkins  Fund. 

The  activities  of  the  Institution  embrace  all  branches  of  natural 
science,  the  fine  arts,  and  industrial  arts.  Its  field  of  operation  is  "the 
whole  country,  and  the  whole  world  beyond  the  limits  of  the  country." 
Since  its  establishment  in  1846  the  Institution  has  inaugurated  and 
maintained  or  has  participated  in  astronomical,  anthropological,  bio- 


PANAMA-PACIFIC    INTERNATIONAL    EXPOSITION  D 

logical,  and  geological  expeditions  and  explorations  in  every  portion 
of  the  world,  resulting  in  greatly  increasing  our  knowledge  of  the 
geography,  the  meteorology,  the  fauna  and  flora,  and  the  ethnology  of 
all  lands,  and  in  the  acquisition  of  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  material 
for  the  National  Museum. 

For  the  Diffusion  of  Knowledge  it  issues  several  series  of  publica- 
tions constituting  original  contributions  to  knowledge,  accounts  of 
scientific  explorations  and  investigations,  and  papers  recording  the 
annual  progress  in  the  field  of  science,  which  are  distributed  gratui- 
tously to  important  libraries  throughout  the  world. 

The  publications  of  the  Institution  have  been  numerous  and  include 
many  important  and  authoritative  works.  There  is  no  restriction  as 
to  subject;  they  consist  of  memoirs  upon  aeronautics,  archeology, 
astronomy,  astrophysics,  ethnology,  botany,  zoology,  geology,  paleon- 
tology, meteorology,  magnetism,  physics,  physiology,  philology,  and 
many  other  subjects.  The  several  series  comprise  (1)  The  Annual 
Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents  to  Congress  with  a  general  appendix 
of  papers  illustrating  progress  in  a  wide  range  of  scientific  branches; 
(2)  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  begun  in  1850,  in  quarto 
form;  (3)  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  in  octavo;  (4) 
Harriman  Alaska  Series  on  the  results  of  the  scientific  expeditions  to 
Alaska  in  1899;  (5)  Bulletin  of  the  National  Museum  including  Con- 
tributions from  the  United  States  National  Herbarium;  (6)  Proceed- 
ings of  the  National  Museum;  (7)  Annual  Report  of  the  National 
Museum;  (8)  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology; 
(9)  Bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology;  (10)  Annals  of  the 
Astrophysical  Observatory ;  and  ( 1 1 )  A  number  of  special  publications 
independent  of  the  above  series. 

There  is  also  communicated  to  Congress,  through  the  Secretary  of 
the  Institution,  the  annual  report  of  the  American  Historical  Associa- 
tion and  of  the  National  Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

The  complete  collection  of  Smithsonian  publications  numbers  about 
450  volumes,  aggregating  about  two  hundred  thousand  printed  pages. 

Since  it  would  be  impossible  through  the  limited  funds  of  the 
Institution  and  printing  allotments  by  Congress  to  meet  the  great 
popular  demand  for  Smithsonian  publications,  they  are  necessarily 
almost  entirely  distributed  to  learned  institutions  in  the  United  States 
and  important  public  libraries,  where  they  are  available  for  general 
reference. 

The  Institution,  in  cooperation  with  the  Library  of  Congress,  main- 
tains a  library  which  numbers  about  half  a  million  titles,  the  works 


6  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

consisting  mainly  of  the  transactions  of  learned  societies,  scientific 
periodicals,  and  publications  of  academies  and  universities  throughout 
the  world. 

The  three  buildings  occupied  by  the  Institution  and  the  Museum 
are  in  the  Smithsonian  Park,  an  area  of  thirty-eight  acres  about  midway 
between  the  United  States  Capitol  and  the  Washington  Monument. 
The  original  Smithsonian  building  is  of  brownstone  in  twelfth  century 
Norman  or  Lombard  style  of  architecture,  447  feet  front  and  covering 
about  60,000  square  feet.  It  was  completed  in  1855.  The  administra- 
tive offices  are  here,  as  also  several  sections  of  the  library,  the  Museum 
division  of  Plants  or  National  Herbarium,  comprising  about  one  million 
botanical  specimens  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  division  of 
Graphic  Arts,  also  the  offices  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

Adjacent  to  the  Smithsonian  building  on  the  east  is  the  industrial 
arts  building  of  the  National  Museum  built  of  brick  in  modernized 
Romanesque  style  of  architecture,  covering  about  2^3  acres,  and  com- 
pleted in  1881.  Here  are  exhibited  objects  relating  chiefly  to  technology 
and  American  history. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  Smithsonian  Park  is  the  new  natural  history 
building  of  the  National  Museum  completed  in  1911.  It  is  built  of 
granite  in  modern  classic  style  with  dome  and  columned  portico.  It 
covers  about  four  acres  of  ground  and  in  its  ground  floor  and  the  three 
stories  there  are  468,118  square  feet  of  floor  space,  one-half  of  which 
is  devoted  to  exhibition  purposes,  the  other  half  being  utilized  for 
storage  rooms,  offices,  laboratories,  and  other  purposes.  As  the  latest 
of  the  great  Museum  buildings  of  the  world  it  embodies  many  new  and 
important  features.  Here  are  displayed  the  collections  pertaining  to 
anthropology,  biology,  and  geology,  and  the  National  Gallery  of  Art. 

The  number  of  visitors  to  the  Smithsonian  building  from  1881  to 
1914  was  4,492,091 ;  and  to  the  original  Museum  building  7,447,574 ; 
while  the  visitors  to  the  new  natural  history  building  from  1910  to 
1914  numbered  1,132,589. 

Through  the  generosity  of  Mr.  Charles  L.  Freer,  provision  has 
been  made  and  tentative  plans  drawn  for  a  marble  structure  to  house 
the  valuable  collection  of  American  and  Oriental  works  of  art  presented 
to  the  Institution  by  Mr.  Freer. 

It  is  hoped  that  in  the  near  future  Congress  will  make  provision  for 
a  suitable  structure  to  house  the  collections  forming  the  National 
Gallery  of  Art  now  exhibited  in  the  natural  history  building. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM. — By  the  Congressional  Act  of  August  10,  1846, 
founding  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  establishment  was  made 
custodian  of  the  national  collections  in  both  nature  and  art.  The 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 

Museum  branch  was  definitely  organized  in  1850,  the  title  "U.  S. 
National  Museum"  being  authoritatively  given  by  Congress  in  1875. 
During  the  first  few  years  expenses  of  the  Museum  were  wholly  met 
from  the  Smithsonian  fund,  and  it  was  not  until  1878  that  the  Govern- 
ment began  to  provide  entirely  for  its  maintenance,  this  being  done 
through  annual  appropriations  by  Congress. 

Four  general  divisions  are  recognized:  (1)  Natural  history,  in- 
cluding ethnology  and  archeology;  (2)  the  fine  arts;  (3)  the  arts  and 
industries;  (4)  history. 

The  division  of  natural  history  is  divided  into  three  departments, 
biology,  geology  and  anthropology.  The  collections  of  natural  history 
have  been  received  in  greater  part  from  Government  surveys  and 
explorations,  and  are  richest  in  material  from  North  America.  Many 
other  parts  of  the  world  are  also  well  represented  in  one  subject  or 
another,  especially  Central  America,  the  Philippines,  Malaysia,  and 
some  portions  of  Europe,  Africa  and  South  America.  The  deep-water 
zoological  collections  from  both  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  are 
the  most  extensive  and  important  in  existence. 

Among  important  early  sources  of  collections  may  be  mentioned  the 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition  of  1838  to  1842,  the  Perry 
Expedition  to  Japan,  the  North  Pacific  Exploring  Expedition  of  the 
Navy,  the  railroad  and  wagon  road  surveys  by  the  Army  in  connection 
with  the  opening  up  of  the  far  west,  the  Canadian  and  Mexican 
boundary  surveys,  certain  geological  explorations  and  the  work  of  the 
Coast  Survey  in  Alaskan  waters,  besides  many  expeditions  organized 
or  assisted  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Of  more  recent  date  are 
the  investigations  of  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  the  Geological  Survey, 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  and  the  bureaus  of  Plant  Industry. 
Entomology  and  Biological  Survey  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Of  private  donors,  some  of  whom  have  made  gifts  of  great  extent  and 
value,  the  list  is  very  long. 

The  total  number  of  specimens  in  all  branches  of  natural  history 
recorded  to  the  present  time  amounts  to  several  millions,  the  annual 
accretion  during  several  years  past  having  averaged  a  quarter  of  a 
million  specimens. 

The  department  of  the  fine  arts,  designated  the  National  Gallery  of 
Art,  has  come  into  prominence  during  the  past  eight  years  through  the 
bequest  of  Harriet  Lane  Johnston  and  the  gifts  of  Charles  L.  Freer  and 
William  T.  Evans,  consisting  mainly  of  paintings  and  oriental  pottery. 

Of  arts  and  industries  there  are  on  exhibition  extensive  collections 
of  firearms,  the  most  complete  in  this  country;  boat  and  railroad 
models,  electrical  apparatus,  time-keeping  and  measuring  devices, 


8  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

musical  instruments,  ceramics,  graphic  arts,  textiles,  laces,  embroideries, 
and  collections  in  mineral  technology  and  in  photography. 

The  historical  collection  is  rich  in  materials  illustrative  of  periods 
and  of  important  events  and  personages  connected  with  the  history  of 
the  United  States  from  the  Colonial  period,  and  includes,  besides  the 
memorial  collections,  exhibits  of  period  costumes,  coins,  medals  and 
postal  tokens. 

The  Museum  staff  includes  the  Secretary  of  the  Institution  as 
Keeper  ex-officio,  the  Assistant  Secretary  in  immediate  charge,  the 
Administrative  Assistant,  three  Head  Curators,  and  about  fifty 
Curators,  Assistant  Curators,  Custodians,  and  Aids,  besides  many  clerks 
and  other  employees. 

INTERNATIONAL  EXCHANGE  SERVICE. — The  International  Exchange 
Service,  begun  in  1850,  has  for  its  object  the  interchange  of  publica- 
tions between  the  scientific  and  literary  societies  and  institutions  in  the 
United  States  and  other  countries,  and  the  interchange  of  publications 
of  the  United  States  Government  with  parliamentary  documents  of 
other  lands.  It  handles  annually  from  300,000  to  350,000  packages, 
weighing  upwards  of  half  a  million  pounds.  Through  its  operation  the 
national  collection  of  books  in  the  Library  of  Congress  has  been  greatly 
increased. 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK. — In  1890  Congress  set  apart  167  acres 
in  the  beautiful  Rock  Creek  Valley  on  the  northwestern  borders  of 
Washington  City  as  the  National  Zoological  Park,  which  was  founded 
"for  the  advancement  of  science  and  the  instruction  and  recreation  of 
the  people,"  and  Congress  placed  its  administration  in  the  board  of 
Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  collection  of  mammals, 
birds,  and  reptiles  numbers  about  thirteen  hundred  individuals,  repre- 
senting 340  species.  Its  visitors  average  about  600,000  each  year,  in- 
cluding many  groups  of  public  and  private  school  students  accompanied 
by  their  teachers. 

Among  the  buildings  in  the  park  are  the  lion-house,  containing  the 
large  cats  and  other  animals,  the  monkey-house,  the  bird-house,  and 
the  antelope  house.  There  are  also  enclosures  for  bears,  wolves,  foxes, 
and  dogs,  and  pools  for  sea-lion,  beaver,  and  others,  and  paddocks  for 
deer,  elk,  bison,  llamas,  yak,  and  reindeer,  and  many  cages  for  small 
animals.  Wild  turkeys,  partridges,  peacocks,  squirrels,  and  wild 
rabbits  wander  in  perfect  freedom  throughout  the  park. 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY. — The  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology,  under  the  direction  of  the  Institution,  is  engaged  in  the 
collection  and  publication  of  information  relating  to  the  habits,  customs, 
languages,  and  natural  and  physical  characteristics  of  the  aborigines 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  WILL  OF  JAMES  SMITHSON 

PROVIDING  FOR  THE 
FOUNDING  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 


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PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  9 

of  the  North  American  continent.  The  Bureau  has  done  much  valuable 
archeological  work,  made  important  additions  to  knowledge,  brought 
together  extensive  collections,  and  issued  many  publications. 

ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY. — The  Astrophysical  Observatory, 
founded  in  1890,  investigates  solar  radiation,  and  in  general,  solar 
phenomena,  and  has  produced  a  complete  chart,  made  by  automatic 
processes,  which  shows  in  detail  the  so-called  invisible  spectrum.  The 
work  of  this  Observatory  is  especially  directed  to  those  portions  of  the 
energy  of  the  sun  that  affect  through  its  radiation  the  climate  and  the 
crops.  Through  the  use  of  specially  designed  pyrheliometers  attached 
to  free  balloons,  observations  have  been  made  of  the  intensity  of  solar 
radiation  at  various  elevations  up  to  a  height  of  45,000  feet  above  sea 
level.  Special  studies  have  been  made  of  the  solar  constant  and  of  the 
distribution  of  radiation  over  the  sun's  disk.  The  principal  astro- 
physical  work  is  carried  on  at  the  Observatory  in  the  Smithsonian  Park 
in  Washington,  and  at  Mount  Wilson  and  Mount  Whitney,  California. 
On  the  summit  of  Mount  Whitney  the  Institution  has  constructed  a 
shelter  for  the  general  use  of  observers.  Expeditions  to  various  parts 
of  the  world  have  been  made  for  observation  of  eclipses  of  the  sun 
and  other  special  studies. 

INTERNATIONAL  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  LITERATURE. — The 
Smithsonian  Institution  also  directs  the  work  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature,  which 
is  one  of  33  regional  bureaus  in  various  countries  engaged  in  the 
collecting,  indexing,  and  classifying  of  scientific  publications  of  the 
year.  The  classified  references  are  forwarded  to  the  central  bureau  in 
London  where  they  are  collated  and  published  in  a  series  of  17  annual 
volumes  covering  each  branch  of  science  and  aggregating  about  8,000 
printed  pages.  These  volumes  are  sold  at  an  annual  subscription  price 
of  $85.00,  chiefly  to  large  reference  libraries  and  important  scientific 
institutions,  the  proceeds  covering  in  part  the  cost  of  publication. 
From  1901  to  1914  the  bureau  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  forwarded 
to  London  318,936  reference  cards  to  publications  issued  in  the  United 
States  during  that  period. 

EXTRACT    FROM    THE   WILL    OF   JAMES   SMITHSON, 

PROVIDING   FOR   THE   FOUNDING   OF   THE 

SMITHSONIAN    INSTITUTION. 

"I  James  Smithson  son  to  hugh  first  Duke  of  Northumberland  & 
Elizabeth  heiress  of  the  hungerfords  of  studley  &  niece  of  Charles 
the  Proud  Duke  of  somerset  now  residing  in  Bentinck  Street  caven- 


10  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

dish  square,  do  this  twenty-third  day  of  October  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  &  twenty-six,  make  this  my  last  will  and  Testament.  *  *  * 
In  the  case  of  the  death  of  my  said  nephew  without  leaving  a  child  or 
children  *  *  *  I  then  bequeath  the  whole  of  my  property,  *  *  * 
to  the  united  states  of  america,  to  found  at  Washington,  under  the 
name  of  the  Smithsonian  institution,  an  establishment  for  the  increase 
&  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men.  *  *  * 

JAMES    SMITHSON." 

Pictures. 

Seal  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Portrait  of  James  Smithson,  1765-1829.  Founder  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

Portrait  of  Joseph  Henry,  1799-1878.  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  1846-1878. 

Portrait  of  Spencer  Fullerton  Baird,  1823-1887.  Secretary  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  1878-1887. 

Portrait  of  Samuel  Pierpont  Langley,  1834-1906.  Secretary  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  1887-1906. 

Portrait  of  Charles  Doolittle  Walcott,  born  1850.  Elected  Secre- 
tary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  1907. 

Portrait  of  Thomas  George  Hodgkins,  1803-1892.  Donor  of  the 
Hodgkins  Fund  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Appointment  Clerk's  office,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Chief  Clerk's  office,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Editor's  office,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

SMITHSONIAN    LIBRARY. 

The  Library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  contains  more  than 
half  a  million  titles  of  scientific  works  relating  to  all  branches  of 
knowledge. 

The  most  important  collection  of  the  library  is  the  series  of  pub- 
lications of  learned  institutions  and  scientific  societies,  and  periodi- 
cals relating  to  science  in  general,  brought  together  on  a  systematic 
plan  since  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  This  collection  forms  the 
Smithsonian  deposit  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 

The  libraries  of  the  Government  bureaus  under  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  include  those  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  com- 
prising over  100,000  titles ;  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  about 
35,000  titles;  the  Astrophysical  Observatory,  and  the  United  States 
National  Herbarium. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  11 

Photographs. 

Smithsonian  deposit,  Library  of  Congress. 
Reference  room,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Inside  stacks,  Government  Bureau  Libraries,  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. 

Stacks,  Government  Bureau  Libraries,  Smithsonian  Institution. 

THE    HODGKINS    FUND. 

In  September,  1891,  Mr.  Thomas  George  Hodgkins,  of  Setauket, 
New  York,  presented  to  the  Institution  $200,000,  with  the  provision 
that  the  income  of  $100,000  was  to  be  "devoted  to  the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  more  exact  knowledge  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  prop- 
erties of  atmospheric  air  in  connection  with  the  welfare  of  man." 

To  carry  out  the  donor's  wishes,  the  Institution  makes  grants  for 
investigations,  offers  prizes  and  has  established  the  Hodgkins  Medal 
for  important  contributions  to  the  knowledge  of  this  subject. 

Bronze  replicas  of  the  Hodgkins  Medal,  and  a  complete  series  of 
the  publications  issued  under  this  fund  are  here  shown. 

HODGKINS  MEDAL. — Replicas  of  the  gold,  silver  and  bronze  medals 
awarded  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  important  contributions 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  properties  of  atmospheric  air  or 
practical  applications  of  our  existing  knowledge  of  them  to  the  welfare 
of  mankind. 

LANGLEY  MEDAL. — Bronze  replicas  of  the  Langley  Gold  Medal 
established  in  1908  by  the  Board  of  Regents  in  memory  of  Secretary 
Samuel  Pierpont  Langley  and  his  contributions  to  the  science  of 
aerodromics. 

It  is  awarded  for  specially  meritorious  investigations  in  connection 
with  the  science  of  aerodromics  and  its  application  to  aviation. 

Photographs. 

The  Langley  experimental  steam  flying  machine.  In  flight  near 
Quantico,  Virginia,  May  6,  1896.  This  was  the  first  flight  ever  made 
by  a  heavier-than-air  machine. 

Quarter-size  model  of  the  Langley  gasoline  flying  machine.  In 
flight  near  Widewater,  Virginia,  August  8,  1903. 

Launching  of  the  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  Near 
Widewater,  Virginia,  October  7,  1903. 

Top  view  of  the  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  As  orig- 
inally built  in  1903,  but  with  the  pontoons  added.  Hammondsport, 
New  York,  May,  1914. 


12  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Side  view  of  the  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  As  orig- 
inally built  in  1903,  but  with  the  pontoons  added.  Hammondsport, 
New  York,  May,  1914. 

Flight  of  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  Drawn  by  a  Cur- 
tiss  motor  and  tractor  screw.  Lake  Keuka,  Hammondsport,  New 
York. 

Flight  of  the  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  Lake  Keuka, 
Hammondsport,  New  York,  June  2,  1914.  The  machine  was  flown 
as  built  in  1903,  but  with  pontoons  adding  340  pounds  to  original 
weight. 

Flight  of  the  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  Drawn  by  a 
Curtiss  motor  and  tractor  screw.  Lake  Keuka,  Hammondsport,  New 
York,  September  17,  1914. 

Flight  of  Langley  man-carrying  flying  machine.  Duration  of 
flight  65  seconds.  Through-air  distance  3,250  feet.  Drawn  by  Curtiss 
motor  and  tractor  screw.  Lake  Keuka,  Hammondsport,  New  York, 
October  19,  1914. 

Publications  of  the  Langley  Aerodynamical  Laboratory,  Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

LANGLEY  EXPERIMENTAL  FLYING  MACHINE.    COPY  OF 

THE    ORIGINAL    MACHINE    NOW    IN    THE    UNITED 

STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

The  first  successful  flight  by  a  machine  heavier  than  air,  driven  by 
its  own  power,  was  made  by  the  original  of  this  steam  flying  machine. 

It  was  launched  May  6,  1896,  at  Quantico,  Va.,  on  the  Potomac 
River,  with  a  steam  pressure  of  150  pounds,  rose  to  between  70  and 
100  feet  and  traveled  over  half  a  mile  at  a  rate  of  between  20  and  25 
miles  per  hour,  the  propellers  making  1,500  revolutions  per  minute. 

A  second  flight  of  about  the  same  distance  was  made  by  this 
machine  on  the  same  day,  after  replenishing  its  fuel. 

Total  weight  of  machine  26  pounds,  driven  by  a  single  cylinder, 
reciprocating  one  horsepower  steam  engine,  using  gasoline  as  fuel. 

Two  enlarged  photographs  showing  the  flight  of  the  aerodrome  at 
Quantico,  Virginia,  in  1896. 

Enlarged  photograph  showing  the  launching  of  the  aerodrome  at 
Quantico,  Virginia,  in  1896. 

Path  of  aerodrome  flight,  May  6,  and  November  28,  1896,  near 
Quantico,  Virginia,  on  the  Potomac  River. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  13 

LANGLEY'S   WORK   IN   AERONAUTICS. 

The  story  of  Samuel  Pierpont  Langley's  study  and  experiments  in 
connection  with  aeronautics  begins  in  1887,  some  years  before  serious- 
minded  people  considered  aerial  navigation  with  machines  heavier  than 
the  air  practical,  and  extends  over  nearly  sixteen  years.  During  that 
time  Mr.  Langley  established  and  successfully  demonstrated  many 
principles  which  have  since  proved  invaluable  to  the  science  of  aviation. 

Mr.  Langley's  main  object  was  to  establish  by  experiment  the  pos- 
sibility of,  and  the  conditions  necessary  for,  transporting  a  body 
heavier  than  the  air  through  that  medium.  He  began  with  studies  of 
toy  aeroplanes  propelled  with  rubber  bands,  which  led  to  more  elaborate 
experiments  with  planes,  propellers,  steam  and  gas  engines,  and  other 
accessories,  and  to  his  final  experiments  with  a  man-carrying  machine 
propelled  by  a  gasoline  engine  which,  although  built  eleven  years  ago, 
is  nearly  as  efficient  as  those  evolved  by  the  engineers  of  today.  In 
his  early  experiments  he  met  with  many  discouragements,  but  his  per- 
sistency led  finally  to  those  results  which  entitled  him  to  be  called 
"The  First  Bird  Man." 

The  results  of  his  experiments  were  printecj  in  popular  form  in 
several  magazines  and  periodicals,  while  his  technical  scientific  reports 
were  issued  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  during  his  term  as  Secre- 
tary, from  1887  to  1906.  His  first  real  contribution  to  the  science  of 
aeronautics  was  entitled  "Experiments  in  Aerodynamics,"  published 
in  1891,  which  covered  his  early  physical  researches  in  relation  to 
aerodynamics  and  showed  that  the  real  problems  of  aviation  were 
those  of  guiding  and  elevating  a  plane,  rather  than  of  supporting  it. 
Mr.  Langley  had  already  established  the  possibility  of  the  latter  by 
means  of  his  suspended  planes,  the  plane  dropper,  and  other  apparatus. 

The  second  aeronautical  treatise  of  Mr.  Langley  was  on  the 
"Internal  Work  of  the  Wind,"  published  in  1893,  in  which  he  pointed 
out  the  various  internal  forces  of  the  atmosphere  upon  which  objects 
might  rely  for  support  apart  from  their  own  power. 

In  1911,  a  complete  and  detailed  account  of  his  investigations 
relative  to  the  models  and  the  large  machine  was  issued  under  the  title 
of  the  "Langley  Memoir  on  Mechanical  Flight." 

Having  secured  a  grasp  upon  the  fundamental  principles  of  air 
resistances,  and  matters  pertaining  to  aviation  generally,  Mr.  Langley 
undertook  the  construction  of  the  first  heavier-than-air  model  machine 
in  1892.  He  felt  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  conduct  further  investi- 
gations regarding  flight  without  studying  flight  itself.  The  first  model 
aeroplane,  or  "aerodrome"  as  he  termed  it,  was  completed  after  four 
years  of  experimentation.  It  was  a  steam  driven  machine,  with  two 


14  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

sets  of  monoplane  wings  arranged  in  tandem,  and  a  tiny  steam  plant 
which  weighed  only  seven  pounds  complete  and  yet  developed  lj^ 
horsepower.  Many  boilers,  burners,  and  frames  were  built  and  dis- 
carded before  the  aerodrome  was  finished,  and  then  the  problem  of 
launching  it  confronted  him.  This  was  finally  accomplished  by  means 
of  an  overhead  track  from  which  the  machine,  when  ready  to  fly,  was 
shot  into  the  air  by  a  series  of  springs. 

The  first  successful  flight  was  made  on  May  6,  1896,  at  Quantico, 
on  the  Potomac  River,  by  this  tandem  type  plane,  which  had  a  wing 
spread  of  thirteen  feet  and  a  total  weight  of  30  pounds.  The  flight 
occupied  one  minute  and  20  seconds,  during  which  time  the  little 
machine  covered  a  distance  of  3,000  feet.  It  was  immediately  started 
again  and  made  a  flight  of  over  2,300  feet.  These  were  the  first  flights 
of  a  machine  heavier  than  air  and  propelled  by  its  own  power,  ever 
made  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Subsequent  flights  of  this  machine 
and  others  with  both  steam  and  gasoline  power  proved  their  efficiency, 
and  also  demonstrated  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Langley's  theory  of  the 
practicability  of  flight. 

Early  in  1898,  the  Government  became  interested  in  the  possibility 
of  employing  large  flying  machines  in  time  of  war,  and  the  President, 
through  the  Board  of  Ordnance  and  Fortification  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment, requested  Mr.  Langley  to  build  a  man-carrying  machine.  This 
the  inventor  undertook,  and  finally  in  1903  he  had  completed  the  con- 
struction of  the  full-sized  steel  machine,  despite  many  handicaps  and 
delays  encountered  in  securing  a  suitable  engine  and  other  accessories. 

The  large  engine  is  a  gasoline  one,  built  in  the  Smithsonian  shops 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Charles  M.  Manly.  It  is  a  five-cylinder 
engine,  developing  a  little  over  52  actual  horsepower,  and  weighing 
with  radiators,  batteries,  and  20  pounds  of  cooling  water,  only  207 
pounds,  a  little  less  than  4  pounds  per  horsepower.  The  complete 
aerodrome  ready  for  flight  weighed  about  850  pounds,  including  the 
aviator,  and  had  a  total  supporting  area  of  1040  square  feet,  or  a  total 
of  1.25  square  feet  of  surface  to  the  pound. 

Before  the  completion  and  test  of  the  large  machine,  however,  a 
quarter-size  gasoline  model  was  constructed,  and  flown  with  success 
on  August  8,  1903. 

Two  attempted  flights  with  the  man-carrying  machine  were  made 
on  October  7  and  December  8,  1903,  but  owing  to  an  inefficient  launch- 
ing apparatus  the  aerodrome  was  not  successfully  launched  into  the 
air,  but  fell  into  the  water  before  it  got  free  from  the  track  and 
launching  ways.  It  was  immediately  taken  out  of  the  water,  carefully 
cleaned,  and  has  since  been  stored  in  the  Smithsonian  laboratory. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  15 

The  War  Department  did  not  make  an  additional  allotment  for 
further  experiments,  and  Mr.  Langley,  owing  to  lack  of  funds,  never 
undertook  to  fly  the  machine  again. 

Desiring  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  the  Langley  man-carrying 
flying  machine  was  capable  of  sustained  flight  in  the  air,  and  to  obtain 
certain  data  as  to  the  stability  of  the  design,  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion shipped  the  original  machine  to  the  Curtiss  shops  at  Hammonds- 
port,  N.  Y.,  in  April,  1914.  By  May  it  was  ready  for  test,  assembled 
as  at  the  trials  in  1903,  but  with  the  addition  of  two  pontoons  forward 
and  a  float  aft,  so  that  it  might  be  flown  from  the  water.  The  addition 
of  the  pontoons  and  float  with  their  supports  increased  the  total  weight 
of  the  machine  340  pounds,  over  40  per  cent  of  the  original  weight. 
Despite  this  added  weight  and  the  resistance  of  the  water,  on  the  first 
trial,  May  28,  1914,  the  machine  planed  successfully,  rose  a  few  feet 
into  the  air,  and  continued  for  about  200  feet,  when  Mr.  Curtiss 
brought  it  back  to  the  water.  Following  some  adjustments  the  machine 
was  subsequently  flown  on  June  2,  with  even  better  results.  Later, 
equipped  with  a  Curtiss  motor  and  tractor  screw,  it  flew  several  times 
for  distances  between  1,000  and  3,250  feet,  demonstrating  excellent 
inherent  stability  and  remarkable  ease  of  control,  despite  an  over-load 
of  83  per  cent,  due  to  the  weight  of  the  floats  and  new  motor. 

INTERNATIONAL    EXCHANGE     SERVICE. 

The  "diffusion  of  knowledge,"  which,  next  to  its  "increase,"  was 
so  prominently  in  the  mind  of  the  founder  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, was  provided  for  in  the  program  of  organization,  submitted  by 
Secretary  Henry  to  the  Board  of  Regents  in  1847,  by  a  system  of  pub- 
lications, and  their  exchange  and  distribution  throughout  the  world. 
This  system  of  exchange  of  Smithsonian  publications  was  early 
extended  to  include  scientific  and  literary  societies  and  libraries  of  the 
United  States  and  those  of  other  parts  of  the  world,  thus  creating 
what  has  come  to  be  known  as  The  Smithsonian  International  Ex- 
change Service.  In  1886  a  treaty  was  made  in  Brussels  between  the 
United  States  and  a  number  of  foreign  countries,  providing  for  the 
interchange  of  their  governmental,  scientific,  and  literary  publications, 
and  the  work  of  carrying  out  its  provisions  in  the  United  States  was 
intrusted  by  Congress  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Under  certain  regulations,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  accepts 
from  correspondents  in  this  country  publications  intended  as  exchanges 
and  donations,  and  they  are  shipped  by  freight,  at  intervals  not  exceed- 
ing a  month,  to  about  sixty  distributing  bureaus  or  agencies  abroad 
which  in  turn  receive  from  correspondents  in  their  countries  and  for- 


16  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

ward  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  under  certain  rules,  publications 
addressed  to  institutions  in  the  United  States  and  territory  subject 
to  its  jurisdiction.  The  weight  of  packages  handled  annually  by  the 
International  Exchange  Service  aggregates  over  half  a  million  pounds. 

Relative  weight  of  packages  transmitted  through  the  International 
Exchange  Service  between  the  years  1850  and  1915,  divided  into 
periods  of  five  years  each : 

Year.  Pounds.  Year.  Pounds. 

1850-1855 46,696         1885-1890 763,257 

1855-1860 95,154         1890-1895 1,102,742 

1860-1865 96,609          1895-1900 1,452,485 

1865-1870 113,750          1900-1905 2,261,814 

1870-1875 159,409          1905-1910 2,327,420 

1875-1880 364,495          1910-1915 2,775,158 

1880-1885 613,888 

Map  showing  the  distribution  throughout  the  world  of  correspond- 
ents of  the  International  Exchange  Service. 

Photographs. 

Government  publications   room,   International   Exchange   Service. 
Shipping  room,  International  Exchange  Service. 
Shipping  boxes,  International  Exchange  Service. 
Receiving  room,  International  Exchange  Service.      , 
Chief  Clerk's  office,  International  Exchange  Service. 

ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY. 

Directors:   Dr.  S.  P.  Langley,  1890-1906;  Dr.  C.  G.  Abbot,  1906. 

EARLIER  WORK,  1890  TO  1900. — The  accurate  determination  of  the 
wave-lengths  of  some  750  lines  in  the  invisible  infra-red  spectrum  of 
the  sun. 

The  perfection  of  the  delicate  heat-measuring  apparatus  for  future 
work.  It  is  now  possible  to  detect,  with  the  bolometer,  temperature 
changes  of  one  billionth  degree. 

LATER  WORK,  1900-1914. — Measurement  of  amount  of  heat  emitted 
by  the  sun,  1902-1914. 

Average  value  =1.932  calories  per  minute,  per  square  cm.,  at 
earth's  mean  distance  from  the  sun. 

The  heat  emitted  by  sun  in  a  year  equals  that  obtained  by  burning 
400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000  (400  sextillion)  tons  of  anthracite 
coal. 

Difficulty  in  estimating  losses  from  sun's  heat  in  passing  through 
atmosphere.    Tests  of  the  accuracy  of  results  furnished  by  simultane- 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  17 

ous  measures  at  various  altitudes,  various  localities,  and  by  balloon 
observations. 

1905-  6:  Washington  (sea-level),  and  Mount  Wilson,  altitude     1730  meters. 
1909-10:  Mount  Wilson,  1730m.,    "     Mount  Whitney,     "          4420 
1911-12:        "  "         1730m.,    "     Bassour,  Africa,     "          1160 

1913-14:        "  "         1730m.,    "     Balloons  18000 

Discovery  of  variability  of  the  sun. 

Irregular  in  periods  of  a  week  to  10  days,  range  about  7  per  cent. 

Sun's  radiation  generally  greater  at  sun-spot  maximum. 

Earth  temperature  generally  greater  at  sun-spot  minimum. 

Sun's  radiation  richer  in  violet  light,  at  sun-spot  maximum. 

Probably  increased  contrast  between  edge  and  center  of  sun's  disk 
at  sun-spot  maximum. 

Total  solar  eclipse  expeditions  to  Wadesboro,  N.  C,  in  1900,  to 
Sumatra  in  1901,  and  to  Flint  Island,  So.  Pacific  Ocean,  in  1908. 

Pyrheliometers :  Until  recently  various  instruments  for  measur- 
ing radiant  heat  differed  in  their  indications  by  more  than  100  per  cent, 
even  the  best  by  nearly  10  per  cent.  A  thorough  study  of  such  instru- 
ments has  been  made  and  new  instruments  devised  for  measurements 
in  absolute  units.  Secondary  instruments  have  been  devised  and  dis- 
tributed over  many  parts  of  the  world.  Observations  on  solar  radiation 
by  different  observers  are  now  on  the  same  scale  and  directly  com- 
parable. 

Practical  applications :  Studies  have  been  made  of  the  dependence 
of  the  earth's  temperature  on  the  solar  radiation,  and  of  the  utilization 
of  the  sun's  heat  for  practical  purposes  (solar  heater,  solar  engine)  and 
of  its  importance  to  meteorology  and  agriculture. 

Sky  radiation :  Much  of  the  heat  and  light  from  the  sun  is  scattered 
by  dust,  the  molecules  of  the  air,  or  absorbed  by  water-vapor.  At  noon 
in  summer  at  sea-level  about:  1.35  cal.  reaches  the  earth  per  sq.  cm. 
per  minute  in  direct  sunbeam;  0.58  cal.  being  scattered  or  absorbed; 
0.36  cal.  is  sent  back  to  the  ground  from  the  sky. 

By  means  of  this  scattering  the  number  of  molecules  in  a  cu.  cm. 
of  a  gas  at  0°,  and  76  cm.  pressure,  has  been  counted.  There  are 
27,000,000,000,000,000,000  (27  billion-billion)  molecules. 

Earth  radiation:  Heat  received  by  the  earth  must  again  leave  the 
earth  or  the  temperature  would  continually  rise.  More  than  99  per 
cent  of  the  sun's  energy  reaching  the  earth  is  of  wave-length  less  than 
2^  (%ooo  mm.)  ;  the  atmosphere  is  very  transparent  to  it.  It  is  ab- 
sorbed at  the  earth's  surface  and  reradiated  as  energy  of  wave-length 
greater  than  2p,  to  which  the  atmosphere  is  much  more  opaque.  The 
action  of  a  greenhouse  is  similar,  the  sun's  heat  passes  through  the 
glass,  is  transformed  by  the  soil,  and  will  not  pass  out  so  readily. 


18  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Researches  are  in  progress  on  earth  radiation,  and  the  transparency  of 
the  atmosphere  to  it. 

Photographs. 

Astrophysical  Observatory,  Washington,  D.  C.  Main  group  of 
buildings. 

Observing  Station,  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory,  Mount 
Wilson,  California.  Altitude  1730  meters. 

Observing  Station,  Mount  Whitney,  California.  Altitude  4420 
meters. 

Observing  Station,  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory,  Bas- 
sour,  Algeria,  Africa.  Altitude  1160  meters. 

Observer's  Quarters,  Mount  Wilson,  California.  Altitude  1740 
meters. 

Observer's  Quarters,  Mount  Whitney,  California.  Altitude  4420 
meters.  Erected  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

BOLOMETER,  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY. — The  Bolometer  is  a 
very  delicate  instrument  for  measuring  heat  radiation,  registering  a 
change  in  temperature  of  one  billionth  of  a  degree.  It  consists  of  two 
fine  platinum  threads,  generally  about  %o  millimeter  (%5  inch)  wide, 
%ooo  millimeter  (%50o  inch)  thick,  and  1  centimeter  (2/5  inch)  long. 
The  radiation  is  allowed  to  fall  on  one  of  the  platinum  threads,  in- 
creasing its  resistance  over  that  of  the  other.  This  increase  is  meas- 
ured by  a  delicate  galvanometer  which  detects  a  change  in  temperature 
/!,ooo,ooo,ooo  (  one  billionth)  of  a  degree. 

WATER-FLOW  STANDARD  PYRHELIOMETER,  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSER- 
VATORY.— An  instrument  for  determining  the  heat  effect  of  the  sun's 
rays.  The  heat  of  the  sun  passing  through  a  measured  aperture,  C, 
during  measured  time,  is  absorbed  in  a  hollow  chamber,  A,  about  which 
water  flows.  The  quantity  of  flowing  water  is  measured,  and  the  rise 
in  temperature,  before  and  after  passing  the  chamber,  is  measured  by 
electrical  resistance  thermometers  Dx  and  D2. 

SILVER-DISC  SECONDARY  PYRHELIO METER,  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSER- 
VATORY.— An  instrument  for  measuring  the  heat  effect  of  the  sun's 
rays.  The  heat  from  the  sun  passes  through  the  measured  aperture, 
f3,  during  a  known  period  of  time,  falling  on  and  heating  the  silver 
disc  a,  the  rise  in  temperature  being  recorded  by  a  thermometer,  b. 

BALLOON  PYRHELIOMETER. — This  instrument  is  used  for  recording 
the  sun's  heat  at  great  altitudes,  records  at  9  miles  and  over  having 
been  obtained.  It  is  carried  aloft  by  a  pair  of  rubber  balloons  until 
one  of  them  bursts,  when  it  gradually  descends  to  the  earth  supported 
by  the  other. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC    INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  19 

It  is  similar  to  the  Silver  Disc  Pyrheliometer,  except  that  the  disc 
"A"  is  horizontal,  and  that  allowance  for  the  sun's  angle  is  made. 
The  disc  "A"  is  alternately  shaded  and  exposed  every  four  minutes 
by  the  intermittent  rotation  of  the  silver  cone  shutter  "B."  When 
interposed,  the  shutter  reflects  sky  light  upon  the  disc,  but  when  it  is 
removed,  sunlight  and  sky  light  both  fall  upon  the  disc.  Thus  the 
differential  warming  of  the  disc  is  due  to  the  sunlight  alone. 

The  sunlight  passes  through  the  stem  of  the  thermometer  "C," 
beyond  the  end  of  the  mercury,  making  a  zig-zag  photographic  trace 
of  the  heating  and  cooling  on  a  rotating  drum,  as  shown  by  the  accom- 
panying record.  An  aneroid  barometer  "D"  records  the  elevation 
simultaneously  upon  the  drum. 

An  electric  battery  "E"  with  heating  coils,  prevents  freezing  of  the 
mercury  at  great  heights.  A  thermostat  maintains  the  heating  current 
suitable  for  a  constant  temperature  of  the  disc  surroundings. 

The  instrument  above  has  been  flown ;  its  weight  with  feather  quilt 
is  4  pounds.  The  Observatory  obtained  successful  records  in  this 
manner  at  a  height  of  9  miles  in  1913,  and  still  higher  in  1914. 

THE  SOLAR  SPECTRUM  CHART. — The  spectrum  of  rays  received 
from  the  sun  contains,  besides  the  familiar  colors  at  the  left  of  the 
chart,  a  much  more  extended  spectrum  shown  at  the  right,  beyond  the 
red.  This  is  quite  invisible  to  the  eye,  and  almost  beyond  the  reach 
of  photography.  The  infra-red  spectrum  is  studied  with  the  bolometer. 
Results  of  these  studies  are  shown  in  the  curves  whose  heights  vary 
with  the  heat  of  the  rays,  and  whose  depressions  are  caused  by  the 
absorption  of  the  solar  rays  by  the  air  or  by  gases  in  the  sun.  The 
principal  depressions  are  due  to  water  vapor  in  the  atmosphere. 

A  conventional  line  spectrum  corresponding  to  the  curves  is  shown 
below  them  on  the  chart.  The  existence  of  the  right  hand  portion  was 
discovered  by  Secretary  Langley  in  1881,  with  the  aid  of  the  bolo- 
meter. Glass  is  not  transparent  to  these  rays,  and  they  are  studied  by 
means  of  prisms  of  rock  salt. 

Photographs. 

Solar  corona.  Form  at  sun-spot  minimum.  Taken  at  Wadesboro, 
N.  C.,  1900  total  solar  eclipse. 

Solar  corona.  Form  at  sun-spot  maximum ;  drawing  by  Mrs.  C.  G. 
Abbot  from  photographs  by  United  States  Naval  Observatory,  1905 
total  solar  eclipse. 

Solar  drift  curves.  The  monochromatic  image  of  the  sun's  disc 
drifts  over  the  bolometer  which  registers  the  corresponding  tempera- 
tures. 


20  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Four  energy  curves  of  the  solar  spectrum.  Measured  by  the  spec- 
trobolometer ;  only  the  portion  between  the  red  stars  is  visible  to  the 
eye. 

Publications  of  the  Astrophysical  Observatory  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion. 

INTERNATIONAL  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC 
LITERATURE. 

FOUNDED   IN    1901. 

The  International  Catalogue  is  a  classified  index  of  the  current 
scientific  literature  of  the  world  published  in  17  volumes  annually. 

Regional  bureaus  in  33  countries  co-operate  in  the  enterprise 
through  a  central  bureau  in  London. 

The  following  named  countries  maintain  regional  bureaus :  Argen- 
tine Republic,  Austria,  Belgium,  Canada,  Cuba,  Denmark,  Egypt,  Fin- 
land, France,  Germany,  Greece,  Holland,  Hungary,  India  and  Ceylon, 
Italy,  Japan,  Mexico,  New  South  Wales,  New  Zealand,  Norway, 
Poland,  Portugal,  Queensland,  Russia,  South  Africa,  South  Australia, 
Spain,  Straits  Settlements,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  United  States  of 
America,  Victoria  and  Tasmania,  and  Western  Australia. 

The  bureau  for  the  United  States  is  administered  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Publications   of  International   Catalogue. 

A.  Mathematics    1-10 

B.  Mechanics    1-10 

C.  Physics   1-10 

D.  Chemistry    1-10      Parts  1  and  2  of  Vol.  4 

E.  Astronomy 1-10 

F.  Meterology 1-10 

H.  Geology    1-10 

J.  Geography    1-10 

K.  Palaeontology 1-10 

L.  Biology   1-10 

M.  Botany    1-10 

Parts  1  and  2,  Vol.  1 

"  1,  2  and  3,  Vol.  2 

N.  Zoology  1-10  |  "  1  and  2,  Vol.  3 

"  1  and  2,  Vol.  4 

"  1  and  2,  Vol.  5 

O.     Anatomy    1-10 

P.     Anthropology 1-10 


PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  21 

r   Parts  1  and  2,  Vol.  2 

Q.     Physiology 1-10      "     1   and  2,  Vol.   5 

(   "     1   and  2,  Vol.  6 

R.     Bacteriology 1-10 

International  Catalogue  second  list  of  journals. 

BUREAU  OF  ETHNOLOGY. 

Photographs. 

John  Wesley  Powell.  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology, 1879-1902. 

Hopi  snake  dance. 

Three  villages  on  the  Hopi  mesa.    Arizona. 

Terraced  houses.     Zufii.     New  Mexico. 

Navaho  Hogan.    New  Mexico. 

Painted  cave.    Colorado  Canyon. 

Cavate  lodges.    Rio  Grande,  New  Mexico. 

Cave  dwellings.     Canyon  de  Chelly,  Arizona. 

A  Sioux  Travois. 

Ancient  embankment  with  interior  moat,  Newark  Works,  Ohio. 

Fort  Ancient  Embankment,  Ohio. 

Cliff  Palace,  Colorado. 

A  shrine  near  Zufii,  New  Mexico. 

Drilling  beads.     San  Felipe,  New  Mexico. 

Hopi  hair  dressing. 

Pawnee  village,  Oklahoma. 

Kickapoo  lodge. 

Ox  cart.     Pueblo  of  Tesuque,  New  Mexico. 

Zuni  eagle  cage. 

Paiute  seed  gatherers,  Utah. 

Spruce-tree  house,  Cave  City,  Colorado.     Before  and  after  repair. 

Hupa  Indian  making  fire. 

Tree  burials.     Sioux,  South  Dakota. 

Scaffold  burials.    Crow,  Montana. 

Cocopa  village,  Lower  Colorado  River. 

Cavate  lodges.     Rio  Grande,  New  Mexico. 

A  Nez  Perce  lodge,  Yellowstone  River. 

Algonquian  family.  Arapaho  (Southern).  Ba'qaqi  — Big  boy, 
alias  Arnold  Woolworth. 

Algonquian  family.     Arapaho  (Southern).     Scabby  Bull,  a  chief. 

Algonquian  family.  Arapaho  (Southern).  Baachikun  =  Road 
Traveler,  alias  Circle  Left  Hand. 


22 


THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 


Algonquian 
Little  Dog. 

Algonquian   family. 
Wolf. 

Algonquian   family, 
of  Cross  Feathers. 

Algonquian  family, 
of  Cross  Feathers. 

Algonquian    family. 
Wolf  Robe. 

Algonquian   family. 

Algonquian  family. 

Algonquian  family. 

Algonquian  family. 

Algonquian  family. 

Athapascan  family. 

Athapascan    family, 
onimo. 

Caddoan  family. 

Caddoan  family. 

Caddoan  family. 

Caddoan  family. 

Caddoan  family. 


family.      Blackfoot.      Piegan    division.       Imetacco  = 


Cheyenne    (Northern).      Schi-Ho'ni  =Little 

Cheyenne    (Southern).      MaTnuwaT=  Wife 

Cheyenne   (Southern).     Mioasu  =  Daughter 

Cheyenne     (Southern).      Ho'nil-wotoma  = 

Chippewa.     Wawegekumig  =  Round   Earth. 
Chippewa.     Mary  Baldwin. 
Kickapoo.     Kishkinniequote,  alias  Jim  Deer. 
Powhatan   (Pamunkey).     Terrill  Bradby. 
Potawatomi,  a  chief. 
Apache  (Chiricahua).    Naaichi. 

Apache    (Chiricahua).      Goyali,    alias    Ger- 


Pawnee.     Kewaco  =  Good  Fox. 

Pawnee.   Ray-tah-cots-tay-sah  =  Roaming  Chief. 

Pawnee.     Lisha-lalahikots  =  Brave  Chief. 

Wichita.    Black  Horse. 

Wichita.    Mother  and  Child. 
Chinookan  family.     Wasco.     Kle-mat-chosny  =  Arrow  Point. 
Eskimo  family.     Kinugumiut.     Kerlungner. 
Eskimo  family.     Kinugumiut.     Kowiksener. 
Iroquoian  family.     Cayuga.     Hod jiagede  =  Fish  Carrier. 
Iroquoian  family.     Cherokee.     Sawanugi,  a  ball  player. 
Iroquoian  family.     Cherokee.     Rosie  Hildebrand. 
Keresan  family.     Santa  Ana.    Jesus  Antonio  Moya. 
Kiowan  family.     Kiowa.     Apiatan  =  Wooden  Lance. 
Muskhogean  family.     Creek.     Apuega,  a  young  woman. 
Muskhogean  family.     Creek.    Thle-chum-fixico  =  A  chief. 
Piman  family.    Pima.    Antonio  Azul,  head  chief. 
Piman  family.     Pima.     Salahina. 

Salishan  family.     Flathead.     Slum-xi-ki  =  Bear  Claw. 
Salishan  family.     Flathead.     Pascal  Antoine. 
Serian  family.     Seri.    Candelaria. 
Serian  family.    Seri.    Juan  Estorga. 
Shahaptian  family.     Nez  Perce.    Albert  Waters,  a  chief. 
Shahaptian   family.     Nez   Perce.     Hinmaton-yalatkit,   alias   Chief 
Joseph. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 


23 


Shahaptian  family. 
Shahaptian  family. 
Shahaptian  family. 
Shoshonean  family. 
Shoshonean  family. 
Shoshonean  family. 
Shoshonean   family. 
Shoshonean  family. 


Umatilla.     Cic-manot  =  No  Shirt. 
Warm  Spring.     Wey-a-tat-han  =  Owl. 
Yakima.     Billie  Owhie. 

Comanche.  Mumshukawa. 
Hopi  (Oraibi).  Yukeoma. 
Hopi  Maidens. 

Shoshoni.     Pocatello,  a  chief. 
Ute.    Ouray  and  his  Head  Men. 


Siouan  family, 
low  Horn  Bear. 

Siouan    family. 
Strange  Horse. 

Siouan    family. 
Man. 

Siouan  family. 
John  Grass. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 
Coups. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 
Sitting  Bull. 

Siouan  family, 
ning  Antelope. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 
Cloud. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan    family. 
Roan  Horse. 

Siouan     family. 
Mouse. 

Siouan  family. 
Shield. 

Siouan  family. 
Arthur  Mitchell. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 

Siouan  family. 


Blackfoot-Teton  Sioux.  Mato-he-hlogeco  =  Hol- 
Blackf  oot-Teton  Sioux.  Ta-semke-to-keco  = 
Blackfoot-Teton  Sioux.  Apeyohantanka  =Big 

Blackfoot-Teton  Sioux.    Matowatakpe,  alias  Chief 

Catawba.    Robert  Harris. 
Crow.     Yshidiapas  or  Aleck-shea-ahoos  =  Plenty 

Crow.    Mars-che-coodo  =  White-man  Runs  Him. 
Hunkpapa-Teton  Sioux.     Tatanka-yotanka,  alias 

Hunkpapa-Teton  Sioux.     Tatokain-yanka  =  Run- 
Iowa.     Joe  Vetter. 

Iowa.    Arblohcoenahye  =  Standing  on  Prairie. 
Oglala-Teton  Sioux.     Maqpiya-wopa  =  Standing 

Oglala-Teton  Sioux.     Walking  under  Ground. 
Oglala-Teton    Sioux.      Thas-hunke-hine-kota  = 

Oglala-Teton  Sioux.  Ilun-polaska  =  White 
Oglala-Teton  Sioux.  Si-can-win,  wife  of  Bear 
Omaha.  Nu-bah-dhu-de  =  Panting  Buffalo,  alias 

Omaha.     Ne-da-we  =  Frozen  Water. 

Osage.     Wife  of  Wa-sho-she. 

Osage.    Wa-sho-she  =  Brave. 

Oto.    Wa-con-da-gre  =  God  is  Coming. 

Oto.     Chee-do-bau,  alias  Richard  Shunatona. 


24  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Siouan  family.     Ponca.     Me-kon-tunga  =  Big  Goose. 

Siouan  family.    Ponca.     Shunga-neha-ga-he  =  Horse  Chief  Eagle. 

Siouan  family.  Two  Kettle-Teton  Sioux.  Mar-to-hin-ho-ta  = 
Roan  Bear. 

Siouan  family.  Two  Kettle-Teton  Sioux.  Maqpiya-luta,  alias  Jack 
Red  Cloud. 

Siouan  family.    Winnebago.    Ta-ku-ho-he-gar  =  The  South  Wind, 

Siouan  family.  Yankton  Sioux.  Mato-wopa-geya  =  Charging 
Bear. 

Siouan  family.  Yankton  Sioux.  Padani-kokipi-sni  —Not  Afraid 
of  Pawnee. 

Tanoan  family.     Sandia  (Pueblo).     Mariano  Carpintero. 

Tanoan  family.     San  Juan  (Pueblo).     Ambrosio  Martinez. 

Tonkawan  family.    Tonkawa.    Chief  Grant  Richards  and  wife. 

Waiilatpuan  family.     Cayuse.     Unsoriunt,  alias  Billy  Joshua. 

Yuman  family.    Cocopa.    Big  Frank. 

Yuman  family.     Cocopa.     A  woman. 

Yuman  family.     Yuma.     Jose  Pocati. 

Zunian  family.    Zum*.    Wewa,  a  Zuni  priestess. 

Zunian  family.    Zuni.    Palowahtiwa. 

Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

NATIONAL   ZOOLOGICAL    PARK. 

Photographs. 

Grevy's  zebra. 

Ostriches. 

Grizzly  bear. 

American  antelope. 

East  African  lion. 

East  African  buffalo. 

Hippopotamus. 

Indian  elephant. 

African  elephant. 

Mule  deer. 

Galapagan  tortoise. 

Water-buck. 

Harpy  eagle. 

Liberian  eagle. 

Easter  Monday  in  the  National  Zoological  Park. 

Monkey  house. 

Flight  aviary. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  25 

Flight  aviary-interior. 

Gray  wolves. 

Rock  Creek  in  the  National  Zoological  Park. 

Great  Alaskan  brown  bear. 

American  white  pelicans  and  whooping  crane. 

American  bison. 

Map  of  National  Zoological  Park. 

Map  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

FAMILY  GROUP  OF  THE  WESTERN  ESKIMO.  ALASKA. — The  West- 
ern Eskimo  occupy  the  coast  region  from  the  Aleutian  peninsula  and 
islands  to  Point  Barrow.  On  account  of  the  better  food  supply  and 
the  milder  climate  they  have  advanced  farther  than  their  relatives  in 
the  East.  Also  their  arts  have  felt  the  stimulus  of  intercommunica- 
tion and  trade  with  Asia. 

The  group  here  shown  illustrates  the  usual  summer  avocations 
and  amusements  of  this  people.  At  the  left  a  woman  is  cooking  meat 
in  the  primitive  pottery  cooking  vessel,  while  another  woman  is  plac- 
ing dried  fish  in  the  storehouse.  In  the  background  a  warrior  with 
sinew-backed  bow  is  watching  a  youth  practice  with  the  sling.  On  the 
right  a  man  seated  on  the  ground  is  excavating  a  wooden  dish  with 
the  curved  knife  and  two  little  girls  are  contentedly  playing  with  their 
toys.  The  structure  at  the  back  of  the  case  is  a  representation  of  the 
storehouse  commonly  used  by  the  Western  Eskimo. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  WESTERN  ESKIMO,  WESTERN  ALASKA. — 
The  Western  Eskimo  subsist  by  fishing  and  hunting  in  which  they  are 
very  skillful.  Their  houses  are  dome-shaped,  made  of  earth  piled  over 
a  cobwork  of  timbers  erected  in  an  excavation  in  the  ground.  The 
entrance  is  through  a  tunnel  in  the  winter  and  a  passageway  in  the 
summer.  Around  the  interior  of  the  house  is  a  bench  on  which  the 
people  sleep.  The  cooking  is  done  on  a  pottery  vessel  suspended  over 
the  lamp.  Meat  is  preserved  in  a  log  storehouse,  fish  are  dried  on 
wooden  racks,  and  skin  boats  are  put  out  of  harm's  way  on  a  scaffold 
erected  near  the  houses. 

ARTS  OF  THE  WESTERN  ESKIMO. — This  case  shows  articles  con- 
nected with  the  domestic  life  of  this  people,  as  baskets  of  various 
forms,  lamps  of  pottery  and  stone,  lamp  rests,  cooking  pots,  vessels 
of  bent  wood,  of  carved  wood  and  birch  bark,  spoons  and  dippers  of 
wood  and  ivory,  pestles  of  ivory,  hammers  for  cracking  bones,  picks 
for  earth  and  ice,  and  fish  clubs. 


26  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Objects  connected  with  land  and  water  transportation,  as  sleds  and 
canoes,  shown  by  models;  paddles,  snowshoes,  boathooks,  etc. 

Objects  connected  with  the  capture  of  land  and  aquatic  animals, 
as  harpoons,  lances,  bow  and  arrow,  etc.,  hats  worn  by  hunters,  etc. 

Some  of  the  specimens  are  from  the  Eastern  Eskimo  and  serve  for 
comparison  with  those  of  the  West.  The  close  correspondence  of  arts 
throughout  the  whole  Eskimo  area  is  very  striking,  as  is  the  complete- 
ness with  which  every  need  is  served  by  artifacts  showing  great  skill 
in  invention,  care  in  construction  and  often  taste  in  decoration. 

Hunter's  hat.    Katmai  Island,  Alaska.    90444.    Collected  by  W.  J. 
Fisher. 

Coiled  basket.     Kuslevak,  Alaska.     48139.     Collected  by  E.   W. 
Nelson. 

Coiled  basket.    Port  Clarence,  Alaska.    260515.     Collected  by  De- 
partment of  Interior. 

Coiled  basket  with  lid.    Norton  Sound,  Alaska.    260506.    Collected 
by  Department  of  Interior. 

Twined  basket.     Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska.     276986.     Collected  by 
Mrs.  L.  C.  Fletcher. 

Coiled  basket.    Kowak  River,  Alaska.    127892.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  M.  Stoney,  U.  S.  N. 

Basket.    Nushegak,  Alaska.    260502.    Collected  by  Department  of 
Interior. 

Twined  basket.  Atkha  Island,  Alaska.    65186.    Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Hunter's  hat.    Aleutian  Islands,  Alaska.    11377.    Collected  by  Vin- 
cent Collier. 

Cooking  pot.    St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    280457.    Collected  by 
Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pottery  hand  lamp.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.     280458.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pottery  vessel.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.     280462.     Collected 
by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pottery  cooking  pot.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    280456.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pottery  lamp.    St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    280456.    Collected  by 
Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Cooking  pot.    Anvik,  Alaska.    33073.    Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Pottery  lamp  and  rest.    St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    280445.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pottery  saucer  and  lamp.    Yukon  Delta,  Alaska.    7631.     Collected 
by  W.  H.  Dall. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  27 

Soapstone  cooking  pot.  Cumberland  Gulf,  Labrador.  29970.  Col- 
lected by  W.  A.  Mintzer. 

Soapstone  lamp.  Greenland.  177910.  Collected  by  Dr.  Robert 
Stein. 

Ivory  maul-pestle.  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  55919.  Collected  by  C.  D. 
McKay. 

Pole  for  adz.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  280301.  Collected  by 
Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Pick.  Unalaska,  Alaska.  168578.  Collected  by  the  Bureau  of 
Fisheries. 

Stone  hammer.  Cape  Wankaram,  Alaska.  63678.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bone  hammer.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89849.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Club  for  killing  salmon.  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48998.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bone  hook.    Icy  Cape,  Alaska.    46360.    Collected  by  T.  H.  Bean. 

Slung-shot.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89472.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Stone  slung-shot.  King's  Island,  Alaska.  43796.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Birch  bark  bucket.  Anvik,  Alaska.  45508.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Birch  bark  bucket.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  260524.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Bent  wood  dish.  Anvik,  Alaska.  45487.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Birch  bark  basket.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  217749.  Collected  by 
I.  C.  Russell. 

Birch  bark  bucket.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  260522d.  Collected  by 
Department  of  Interior. 

Bucket  and  dipper.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bent  wood  bucket,  ivory  handle.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  274484. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Vegetable  masher.  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  201168.  Collected  by 
Minor  C.  Bruce. 

Bone  bottle.  .Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  217775.  Collected  by  I.  C. 
Russell. 

Bent  wood  vessel.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63243.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


28  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Harpoon.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  175671.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bird  trident.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  29847.  Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Otter  Spear.    Ugashik,  Alaska.    90416.    Collected  by  W.  M.  Fisher. 

Harpoon  with  throwing  stick.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33976. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  spear.  Neulukhlugumut,  Alaska.  36139.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Harpoon  with  ice  pick.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  43744.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Salmon  spear.  Rasboinsky,  Alaska.  49651.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Hunter's  equipment.  Kuslevak,  Alaska.  160337.  Collected  by 
Alaska  Commercial  Co. 

Bird  spear.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  168559.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Fisheries. 

Flint  head  lance.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  176281.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Sledge  model.     Greenland.     10418.     Collected  by  Henry  Grinnell. 

Sledge.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  260529.  Collected  by  Department 
of  Interior. 

Cane  for  probing  snow.  King  William's  Land.  10276.  Collected 
by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Composite  bow.    Greenland.    19513.    Collected  by  C.  V.  Nickerson. 

Sinew  back  bow.    Greenland.    9137.    Collected  by  C.  V.  Nickerson. 

Seal  hunter's  stool.  Anderson  River,  Alaska.  3978.  Collected 
by  R.  MacFarlane. 

Iron  pointed  arrow.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  16415.  Collected 
by  W.  H.  Ball. 

Sinew  back  bow.  Chalitmut,  Alaska.  36028.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Composite  sinew  back  bow.  Cumberland  Gulf,  Labrador.  34053. 
Collected  by  L.  Kumlein. 

Fish  arrow.    Alaska.    153641.    Collected  by  J.  H.  Turner. 

Fish  arrow.  Cape  Vancouver,  Alaska.  .  36161.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Sinew  back  bow.    Point  Hope,  Alaska.    Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bird  arrow.    Alaska.    153641.    Collected  by  J.  H.  Turner. 

Blunt  headed  arrow  for  birds.  Ungava  Bay,  Labrador.  90123. 
Collected  by  J.  H.  Turner. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  29 

Boat  hook.  Golovina  Bay,  Alaska.  43347.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Boat  hook.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89836.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Woman's  boat.  Nushagak  River,  Alaska.  260374.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Birch  bark  boat.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  48146.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Snow  shoes.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  63236.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Dipper.    Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.     55935.    Collected  by  C.  L.  McKay. 

Snow  shoes.  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  48092.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Snow  shoes.  Norton  Bay,  Alaska.  45400.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Box.    Prince  Williams  Island.    168637.    Collected  by  Wr.  J.  Fisher. 

ARTS  OF  THE  WESTERN  ESKIMO. — This  case  contains  tools  and 
finished  products  belonging  to  the  principal  industries  of  the  Eskimo. 
No  people  possess  greater  ingenuity  or  such  an  abundance  and  diversity 
of  the  products  of  craftsmanship. 

The  series  shown  are  the  man's  wood  working  knife  with  curved 
blade,  woman's  straight  knife,  woman's  fleshing  knives,  woman's  skin 
cleaning  tools,  wroman's  fish  cleaning  and  mincing  knives,  ivory  working 
tools,  knife  sharpeners,  snuff  tubes,  spoons  and  dippers,  dishes,  combs 
for  the  hair  and  fur  skins,  netting  bobbins,  spacers  and  thread  shuttles, 
snow  knives,  needle  cases,  flint  flakers,  wrenches  for  bending  wood  or 
ivory,  pipes,  bow  drill  and  bag  handles,  and  snuff  and  trinket  boxes  of 
various  materials  and  forms. 

Wooden  vessel.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  280509.  Collected 
by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Wooden  mortar.  Cape  Nome,  Alaska.  7074.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Pestle  for  crushing  berries.  Cape  Nome,  Alaska.  44149.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Wooden  snuff  mortar.  Big  Lake  Alaska.  38473.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Trinket  box.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  16095.  Collected  by  W.  H. 
Dall. 

Box  for  fishing  tackle.  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  46007.  Collected 
by  W.  H.  Dall. 

Trinket  box.  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  Alaska.  43406.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 


30  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Bent  wood  box.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    63240.     Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Wooden  box  inlaid  with  ivory.     Big  Lake,  Alaska.     36249.     Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Wooden  box.    Southern  Alaska.   127489.   Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Bent  wood  box.    St.  Lawrence  Island.    63238.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Box  for  fishing  tackle.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.    24351.    Collected 
by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Wooden  box  for  fungus  ashes.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     37121. 
Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Bent  wood  dipper.     Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.     55935.     Collected  by 
C.  L.  McKay. 

Bent  wood  bucket.    Greenland.    168948.    Collected  by  Capt.  Holm. 

Trinket  box  of  antler.     Chalitmut,  Alaska.     36262.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box  for  fungus  ashes.    Cape  Nome,  Alaska.    44150.    Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson.      • 

Wooden  mortar.    Pikmiktalik,  Alaska.    38843.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Wooden  pestle.    Yukon  River,  Alaska.    48844.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Wooden  box  for  fungus  ashes.    Unalakleet,  Alaska.    43804.    Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Wooden  box  for  fungus  ashes.     Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.     38665. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  wooden  box.     Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.     55964.     Collected  by 
C.  L.  McKay. 

Joined  wooden  box.    Kongigunogumut,  Alaska.    36241.    Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Veneered  birch  bark  tobacco  box.    Kuskunuk,  Alaska.    36279.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bent  wood  box.     Norton   Sound,  Alaska.     33010.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bent  wood  box.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     33008.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  inlaid  tobacco  box.    Kongigunogumut,  Alaska.    35956.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bent  wood  box  with  handle.    Norton  Sound,  Alaska.    33003.    Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bent  wood  box.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     260304.     Collected  by 
Bureau  of  Education. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  31 

Bent  wood  box.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  30764.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bent  wood  box.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33007.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Snuff  box.    Kushunuk,  Alaska.    37362.    Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Joined  box.  Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  217810.  Collected  by  I.  C. 
Russell. 

Carved  box.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33002.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Carved  box  for  lanceheads.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89732.  Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Carved  ivory  box.  Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.  64187.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  box  inlaid  with  beads.  Chalitmut,  Alaska.  36284.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  box.  Norton  Bay,  Alaska.  43764.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Snuff  box.    Askinuk,  Alaska.    37540.    Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  box  for  fungus  ashes.  Golovina  Bay,  Alaska.  44059.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Brass  bound  tobacco  box.  Tanana  River,  Alaska.  49137.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Box  for  lanceheads.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  56505.  Collected  by 
I4eut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Engraved  antler  box.  Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.  64186.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  and  brass  snuff  box.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  48247.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Horn  tobacco  box.  Ukogumut,  Alaska.  36252.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Carved  box  for  lanceheads.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89730.  Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Tobacco  box.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33197.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Trinket  box.  Diomede  Island,  Alaska.  64219.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Trinket  box.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24346.  Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Antler  snuff  box.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  48249.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Antler  tobacco  box.    Mouth  of  Yukon,  Alaska.    208116.    Collected 

by  E.  W.  Nelson.  s?*^-  S"B"  Vj& 

/'     "^ 
o*-.. 

ff    UNIVERS. 


32  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Ivory  tobacco  box.  Kauchiung,  Alaska.  127810.  Collected  by 
W.  J.  Fisher. 

Antler  snuff  box.  Unalakleet,  Alaska.  43789.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bone  or  ivory  box.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89409.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Ivory  bottle  shaped  box.  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  168627.  Collected 
by  W.  J.  Fisher. 

Carved  wooden  box.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  44964.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bone  box.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89402.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Box  of  antler.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  56695.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Carved  box.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24347.  Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Antler  snuff  box.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  260061.  Collected 
by  the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Reindeer  horn  engraved  box.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  129221.  Col- 
lected by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Comb  for  fur  skins.  Kowak  River,  Alaska.  127925.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  G.  M.  Stoney,  U.  S.  N. 

Comb.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  280386.  Collected  by  Dr. 
Riley  D.  Moore. 

Comb.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  260067.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

Comb  of  antler.  Kowak  River,  Alaska.  127924.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  M.  Stoney,  U.  S.  N. 

Comb  with  inset  teeth.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33145.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  ivory  comb.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  260217.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Ivory  comb.    Greenland.    19511.    Collected  by  J.  H.  Clarke. 

Double  ivory  comb.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.'  48260.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Open-work  comb.  Greenland.  19524.  Collected  by  George  Y. 
Nickerson. 

Open-work  comb.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  260070.  Collected 
by  Department  of  Interior. 

Ivory  comb  of  walrus  tusk.  Iglulik,  Greenland.  10195.  Collected 
by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC  INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  33 

Antler  comb.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  45484.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Comb.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  129985.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Wooden  comb,  inset  teeth.  Lower  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  48842. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Wooden  comb,  inset  teeth.  Lower  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  48877. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  needle  case.  Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.  64160.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Needle  case.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  45167.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Ivory  needle  case.  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  Alaska.  153830.  Col- 
lected by  J.  H.  Turner. 

Ivory  needle  case.  Shaktolik,  Alaska.  39094.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Needle  case.  Unalakleet,  Alaska.  43827.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Ivory  needle  case.  Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  38360.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Work-box  fastener.  Anogogumut,  Alaska.  37444.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  needle-case  inset  with  beads.  Anderson  River,  Alaska.  2263. 
Collected  by  R.  Kennicott. 

Bone  needle-case.  Anogogumut,  Alaska.  37489.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ornamented  bone  needle-case.  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48980.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bone  needle-case.  Rasboinsky,  Alaska.  49028.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Needle-case  of  bird  bone.  Big  Lake,  Alaska.  36759.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Gun-cap  box.    Iguswek,  Alaska.    127457.  Collected  by  I.  Applegate. 

Skin  scraper.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  211078.  Collected  by  Nathan 
Joseph. 

Skin  scraper.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89312.  Collected  by  John 
Murdoch. 

Stone  flesher.    Greenland.    34085.    Collected  by  Ludwig  Kumlein. 

Skin  scraper.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89320.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P/H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Skin  scraper.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  44984.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 


34  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Woman's  knife.     Eskimo,   Alaska.      153452.     Collected  by   I.   C. 
Russell. 

Skin  scraper.     Fort  Simpson,  Canada.     2020.     Collected  by  B.  R. 
Ross. 

Skin  scraper.    Greenland.    10397.    Collected  by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Knife  for  carving.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     89298.     Collected  by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Slate  knife.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     89592.     Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Scraping  knife.     Kushunuk,  Alaska.     36306.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Stone  knife.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.    24365.    Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Slate  knife.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     89677.     Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Slate  scraper.     Togiak  River,  Alaska.     127382.     Collected  by  I. 
Applegate. 

Slate  chisel.     Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.    38256.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Slate  scraper.    Point  Barrow,  Alaska.    89594.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Slate  dagger.    Point  Barrow,  Alaska.    89585.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Slate  dagger.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.    89591.     Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Fish  skinning  knife.    Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.    63773.    Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Fish  skinning  knife.    Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.    63771.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Net  mesh  spacer.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     26010.     Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Net  mesh  spacer.    Sabotnisky,  Alaska.    48935.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Net  spacer.     Cape  Darby,  Alaska.     44202.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Netting  bobbin.    Cape  Nome,  Alaska.    44469.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Netting  bobbin.     Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.     48261.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Netting  bobbin.    Point  Barrow,  Alaska.    89428.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  35 

Thread  reel.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  45110.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Seine  needle.  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  37373.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Netting  bobbin.  Sabotnisky,  Alaska.  48938.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Netting  bobbin  and  spacer.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  280378. 
Collected  by  Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Flint  chipper.  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63786.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Flint  chipper  handle.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89264.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Flint  chipper.  Koyuk  River,  Alaska.  44062.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Flint  chipper.  Koyuk  River,  Alaska.  44061.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Flint  chipper.  Point  £arrow,  Alaska.  89262.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Flint  chipper.  Cape  Denbigh,  Alaska.  176279.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Arrow  wrench.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  48535.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Ivory  arrow  wrench.  Kowak  River,  Alaska.  127893.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U,  S.  A. 

Arrow  wrench.  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63791.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Arrow  wrench.  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  260154.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

Fat  scraper.  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63833.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Fat  scraper.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  280394.  Collected  by 
Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Fat  scraper.  Point  Hope,  Alaska.  63800.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Fat  scraper.  Cape  Wankarem,  Alaska.  63642.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Fat  scraper.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  44988.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson.  ~«, 

Fat  scraper.  Fort  Alexander,  Alaska.  127652.  Collected  by  J. 
W.  Johnson. 

Fat  scraper.  Kuskinak,  Alaska.  127791.  Collected  by  W.  J. 
Fisher. 


36  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Ivory  fat  scraper.    Sledge  Island,  Alaska.    44990.    Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson. 

Scraper.    Surrey,  England.    164935.    Collected  by  W.  Crooke. 

Woman's  knife.    Sitka,  Alaska.    74362,    Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Woman's  knife.     Cumberland  Gulf,  Alaska.    29973.     Collected  by 
W.  A.  Mintzer. 

Woman's  knife.    Igalik.    10215.    Collected  by  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

Modern  mincing  knife.    Bridgeport,  Conn.    165268.    Gift  of  Knapp 
&  Cowles  Mfg  Co. 

Woman's  knife.     Smith  Sound.     127043.     Collected  by  Dr.  Emil 
Bessels. 

Woman's  knife.     Anderson  River,  Canada.     2272.     Collected  by 
R.  MacFarlane. 

Woman's   knife.     Point   Barrow,   Alaska.     37958.     Collected   by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Woman's  knife  of  flint.    Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.    63765.    Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Woman's  slate  knife.    Ugashik,  Alaska.    90412.    Collected  by  Wm. 
J.  Fisher. 

Woman's  slate  knife.     Kadiak  Island,  Alaska.     55917.     Collected 
by  C.  L.  McKay. 

.  Woman's  knife.    St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.     127001.    Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Antler  snow  knife.     Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.    260120.     Collected 
by  Bureau  of  Education. 

Snow  knife.     Cape  Nome,  Alaska.     45521.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Ice  scraper.    Greenland.    72473.    Collected  by  U.  S.  War  Depart- 
ment. 

Snow  knife.     Sledge  Island,  Alaska.    44998.    Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Leather  working  knife.    Norton  Sound,  Alaska.    32890.    Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Snow   knife.     Chalitmut,   Alaska.     36578.      Collected   by   E.   W. 
Nelson. 

Woman's   knife.     Point   Barrow,   Alaska.     56546.     Collected   by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Snow  knife.    Togiak  River,  Alaska.     127399.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Snow  knife.     Anagogmut,  Alaska.     37420.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  37 

Leather  working  knife.  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  36558.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Man's  knife.  Anderson  River,  Canada.  2274.  Collected  by  R. 
Kennicott. 

Man's  knife.  Hotham  Inlet,  Alaska.  64155.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Man's  knife.  Fort  Alexander,  Alaska.  127649.  Collected  by  J. 
W.  Johnson. 

Man's  knife.  St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.  28438.  Collected  by 
Dr.  Riley  D.  Moore. 

Man's  knife.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  260231.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Man's  knife.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  26032.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

Man's  knife.  Anderson  River,  Canada.  1309.  Collected  by  C.  P. 
Gaudet. 

Man's  knife.    Nunivak,  Alaska.     16163.    Collected  by  W.  H.  Ball. 

Knife  sharpener.  Iliamna  Lake,  Alaska.  72482.  Collected  by 
Wm.  J.  Fisher. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  55961.  Col- 
lected by  C.  L.  McKay. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Oonalakleet,  Alaska.  43858.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  43720.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska.  16137. 
Collected  by  W.  H.  Dall. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Lower  Yukon,  Alaska.  38294.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Beaver  tooth  knife  sharpener.  Tuniakput,  Alaska.  127429.  Col- 
lected by  I.  Applegate. 

Engraving  tool.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  260128.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Engraving  tool.  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  65947.  Collected  by  C. 
L.  McKay. 

Engraving  tool.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  45483.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Engraving  tool.  Anderson  River,  Canada,  2305.  Collected  by  R. 
MacFarlane. 

Eskimo  knife.  Anderson  River,  Canada.  1308.  Collected  by  C. 
P.  Gaudet. 


38  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Engraving  tool.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24411.  Collected  by  L. 
M.  Turner. 

Engraving  tool.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89653.  Collected  by  John 
Murdoch. 

Engraving  tool.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89301.  Collected  by  John 
Murdoch. 

Carving  tool.  Nakneek,  Alaska.  127788.  Collected  by  W.  J. 
Fisher. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  48137.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  44275.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Unalakleet,  Alaska.  38751.  Collected  by  E. 
W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Diomede  Island,  Alaska.  63884.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Sledge  Island,  Alaska.  44691.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33221.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  St.  Michaels,  Alaska.  129218.  Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  44199.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Engraved  bag  handle.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  48520.  Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bag  and  bag  handle.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  89776.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Bag  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33279.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24420.  Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24425.  Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  24431.  Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Carved  bag  handle.  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  43310.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Drill  bow  handle.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  33187.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bag  and  handle.  Cape  Darby,  Alaska.  48089.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  39 

Drill  bow  handle.     St.   Michaels,  Alaska.     24540.     Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Drill  bow  handle.    Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.    48531.    Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Drill  bow  handle.     Nakneek,  Alaska.    38521.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bag  handle.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     56518.     Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Drill  handle.     Sledge  Island,  Alaska.    44022.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Tambourine  rattle.    Labrador.    90216.    Collected  by  L.  M.  Turner. 

Rattle  with  puffin  beaks.     Kodiak,  Alaska.    9438.     Collected  by  L. 
M.  Turner. 

Drum.     Cape  Wankarem,  Alaska.     63613.     Collected  by  E.   W. 
Nelson. 

Carved  bag  handle.     Point  Hope,  Alaska.     63801.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Drill  bow  handle.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     56506.     Collected  by 
Lieut.  P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Drill  bow  handle.     Point  Barrow,  Alaska.     24533.     Collected  by 
L.  M.  Turner. 

Drill  bow  handle.     Cape  Prince  of  Wales.     43360.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Bag  handle.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     24541.     Collected  by  L.  M. 
Turner. 

Tambourine  rattle.     Norton  Sound,  Alaska.     33140.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  bone  spoon.    Cumberland  Gulf,  Canada.    29992.    Collected 
by  W.  A.  Mintzer,  U.  S.  A. 

Ivory  spoon.     St.  Lawrence  Island,  Alaska.    63227.     Collected  by 
E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  wooden  dish.    Yukon  River,  Alaska.     2603 lOa.     Collected 
by  Bureau  of  Education. 

Decorated  wooden  spoon.    Yukon  River,  Alaska.    38508.    Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  wooden  spoon.     Tanana  River,  Alaska.    49118.     Collected 
by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Antler  spoon.    Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.    260310.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Antler  spoon.     Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.     56010.     Collected  by  C.  L. 
McKay. 


40  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Antler  spoon.     Chalitmut,  Alaska.     36361.     Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Bag  handle.     Unakaleet,   Alaska.     43819.     Collected   by   E.   W. 
Nelson. 

Antler  spoon.    Point  Barrow,  Alaska.    89413.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
P.  H.  Ray,  U.  S.  A. 

Carved  box  for  fungus  ashes.  Chalitmut,  Alaska.  37120.  Col- 
lected by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Carved  dish.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  263313.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

Ivory  spoon.  Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.  56009.  Collected  by  C.  L. 
McKay. 

Antler  spoon.  Kushunuk,  Alaska.  37118.  Collected  by  E.  W. 
Nelson. 

Antler  spoon.     Kuskinak,   Alaska.      127813.     Collected  by   W.   J. 
Fisher. 

Carved  bone  spoon.  Port  Clarence,  Alaska.  260115.  Collected 
by  the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Ivory  dipper.  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska.  260223.  Collected  by 
the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Carved  and  bent  wood  dish,  inlaid.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  26031  Ob. 
Collected  by  the  Bureau  of  Education. 

Ivory  dipper.  Norton  Sound,  Alaska.  260221.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

Mask.     Anvik,  Alaska.     45503.     Collected  by  E.  W.  Nelson. 

Mask.    Cape  Prince  of  Wales.    153631.    Collected  by  J.  H.  Turner. 

Large  mask.  Kuskokwim  River,  Alaska.  64250.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Turner. 

Carved  dish.  Yukon  River,  Alaska.  260310.  Collected  by  the 
Bureau  of  Education. 

ARTS  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  COAST  TRIBES. — The  specimens  in  this 
case  serve  to  give  an  impression  of  the  variety  of  household  and  other 
articles  of  this  people  and  their  decoration  by  painting,  carving,  inlay- 
ing, and  weaving.  There  are  shown  decorated  baskets  having  woven 
patterns  and  patterns  produced  by  dyed  materials ;  numerous  carvings 
in  wood,  bone,  horn  and  stone  usually  painted  and  often  inlaid  with 
abalone  shell;  and  examples  of  joinery  in  wood,  and  molding  of  horn 
vessels.  Examples  of  metal  work  are  also  shown.  The  tribes  repre- 
sented excelled  all  other  northern  tribes  in  craftsmanship. 

Top  of  hat  in  fine  basketry.  Puget  Sound.  343.  Collected  by 
Admiral  Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  41 

Painted  basket  hat  with  carved  crown.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska. 
221177.  Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Openwork  basket.  Puget  Sound.  216421.  Collected  by  Lieut.  G. 
T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Ornamented  basket.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  274620. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Openwork  basket.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  260488.  Col- 
lected by  Department  of  Interior. 

Storage  basket  of  spruce  root.  168259.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Rattle  lid  basket.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  260451.  Collected  by 
Department  of  Interior. 

Old  basket.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  168261.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Berry  basket.  Thompson  River,  B.  C.  219882.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Openwork  basket.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  260485. 
Collected  by  Department  of  Interior. 

Berry  basket.  Thompson  River,  B.  C.  216423.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Painted  drum.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  229770.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  and  painted  food  dish.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska. 
20361.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  dish.  Kootznahoo,  Alaska.  60156.  Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Carved  dish.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  88862.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  dish.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  88846.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  dish.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Painted  food  box.  Alaska.  247478.  Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H. 
Harriman. 

Bow  of  yew.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    20912.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Bow.  Makah  Indians,  Washington.  72655.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Ceremonial  head-ring  of  cedar  bark.  Kwakiutl  Indians,  British 
Columbia.  169115.  Collected  by  Franz  Boas. 

Carved  and  painted  wood  mask.  Kwakiutl  Indians,  British  Colum- 
bia. 217417.  Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 


42  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Wood  carving,  "Jonan-"  Southeastern  Alaska.  21565.  Collected 
by  Dr.  J.  B.  White,  U.  S.  A. 

Rattle.    Skidegate,  B.  C.    224416.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Rattle.  Southeastern  Alaska.  229726.  Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  M. 
Ring,  U.  S.  A. 

Rattle  wands  of  goat  hoofs.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  20786. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  and  painted  rattle.  Port  Simpson,  B.  C.  229544.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Clam  shell  rattle  in  wood.  Southeastern  Alaska.  9255.  Collected 
by  Dr.  A.  H.  HofT,  U.  S.  A. 

Raven  myth  rattle.  Skidegate,  B.  C.  89078.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Inlaid  dance  club.  Kwakiutl  Indians,  British  Columbia.  220187. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Raven  rattle.  Hoonya,  Alaska.  73855.  Collected  by  Lieut.  T. 
Dix  Bolles,  U.  S.  N. 

Mask.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  73775.  Collected  by  Lieut.  T. 
Dix  Bolles,  U.  S.  N. 

Raven  ladle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  60161.  Collected  by 
J.  J.  McLean. 

Ladle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  67962.  Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Bent  wood  carved  food  vessel.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Ladle  of  mountain  sheep  horn.  Alaska.  23431.  Collected  by  J. 
G.  Swan. 

Mountain  sheep  horn  ladle  inlaid  with  abalone  shell.  Massett 
Indians,  Queen  Charlotte  Island,  B.  C.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Spoon  of  horn,  carved  handle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska. 
176708.  Collected  by  J.  H.  Keatley. 

Spoon  of  horn,  fine  carved  handle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska. 
89174.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Spoon  of  horn  carved  and  inlaid  handle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka, 
Alaska.  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Shell  spoon,  wooden  handle.  Alaska.  168368.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Berry  spoon.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  60146.  Collected 
by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Berry  spoon.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  60145.  Collected 
by  J.  J.  McLean. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  43 

Wooden  painted  ladle.     Hoonia,  Alaska.     60144.     Collected  by  J. 
J.  McLean. 

Painted  basket  hat.    Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.    20885.    Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Cedar  bark  neck  ring.    Hamatsa,  Vancouver  Island,  B.  C.     129513. 
Collected  by  Franz  Boas. 

Animal  form  dish.     Southern  Alaska.    9252.    Collected  by  Dr.  A. 
H.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A. 

Small  food  dish.    Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.    88862.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Stone  oil  dish,  raven.    Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.    46350.     Collected 
by  T.  H.  Bean. 

Carved  bent  wood  food  vessel.     Alaska.     274471.     Collected  by 
Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Box  dish  with  basket  cover.     Alaska.     74394.     Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Horn  dish.     Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.     88853.     Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Bear  paw  dish.     Alaska.     9095.     Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  M.  Ring, 
U.  S.  A. 

Carved  food  dish.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.     74411.     Col- 
lected by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Perforated  ladle  for  fish.     Bella  Coula,  B.  C.     168.     Collected  by 
I.  Fouguer. 

Dagger.     Tinne  Indians,  Lower  Yukon.     217717.     Collected  by  I. 
C.  Russell. 

Ladle.    Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.    67960.     Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Dagger.  Tlinkit  Indians.    Sitka,  Alaska.    67831.    Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Carved  tray.    Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.    23489.    Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Model  of  house.     Haida  Indians,  Skidegate,  B.  C.     89184.     Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Large  food  tray.     Baranoff  Island,  Alaska.     61069.     Collected  by 
J.  J.  McLean. 

Decorated  storage  chest.    Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  274488. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Cradle.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    20556.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carving,  hunter  with  snowshoes.    Sitka,  Alaska.    43338.    Collected 
by  Com.  L.  A.  Beardslee,  U.  S.  N. 


44  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Food  mat.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  20728.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Box  with  cord  lashing.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  75444. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Food  mat.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  20727.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Boat  bailer.     Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    20629.     Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Ancient  Haida  canoe  with  sails.  Massett,  B.  C.  88952.  Collected 
by  J.  G,  Swan. 

Carved  paddle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  260298.  Collected 
by  Department  of  Interior. 

Model  of  canoe.  Vancouver  Island,  B.  C.  1871.  Collected  by  Dr. 
J.  B.  Kennerley. 

Painted  paddle.  Jackson,  Alaska.  260394.  Collected  by  Depart- 
ment of  Interior. 

Canoe  model.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  26760.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Club  for  killing  fish.  Alaska.  233491.  Collected  by  J.  R. 
Swanton. 

Club  for  killing  fish.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  67827.  Col- 
lected by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Club  for  killing  fish.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  67828.  Col- 
lected by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Canoe  bailer.  Makah  Indians,  Washington.  23375.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Food  mat.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  260470.  Collected  by 
Department  of  Interior. 

Inlaid  carved  box.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  20750.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

ARTS  OF  THE  NORTHWEST  COAST  TRIBES. — The  case  contains  a 
representative  selection  of  the  tools  and  products  of  handicrafts  of  the 
native  Indian  artisans  of  southern  Alaska  and  British  Columbia.  The 
tools  appear  crude  and  inadequate  to  perform  the  artistic  work  in  stone, 
wood,  shell,  bone,  ivory,  horn,  and  metal  which  these  Indians  were 
accustomed  to  turn  out  in  profusion  for  their  ordinary  needs.  It  is 
observed  that  there  is  a  greater  number  and  variety  in  the  tools  of 
these  tribes  than  among  many  other  American  tribes.  Tools  are  shown 
for  woodworking,  carving,  bending,  and  painting ;  for  horn  and  leather 
working ;  basket  making ;  and  for  working  stone,  bone,  ivory,  shell,  and 
metal.  The  tools  themselves  are  frequently  artistically  decorated. 

Finely  woven  cedar  bark  hat.  Alaska.  73840.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
T.  Dix  Bolles,  U.  S.  N. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  45 

Cedar  bark  checker  basket.  Tlinkits,  Alaska.  168283.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Carved  slate  box.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  89002.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  horn,  doctor's  headdress.  Sitka,  Alaska.  18931.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  box  carved  in  low  relief.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia. 
274479.  Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Carving,  inset  and  painted.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  74773.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Wood  carving  in  high  relief.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia. 
74758.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carving  in  hard  stone.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  74941. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Bone  breast  ornament.  Northwest  Coast.  710.  Collected  by 
George  Gibbs. 

Slate  carving.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  274593.  Col- 
lected by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Carving  in  beef  bone.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  45997.  Collected 
by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Carved  slate  dish.  Northwest  Coast.  2567.  Collected  by  Admiral 
Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Carved  and  painted  wooden  dish.  Sitka,  Alaska.  20734.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  wooden  dish.  Stikine  Indians,  Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska. 
28858.  Collected  by  J.  R.  Swanton. 

Carving  in  bone.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  233488.  Col- 
lected by  J.  R.  Swanton. 

Carving  in  slate.  Haida  Indians,  British  Columbia.  274593.  Col- 
lected by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Carved  bust  wood  dish.  Haida  Indians,  Skidegate,  B.  C.  88854. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Tree  climbing  device.  Tlinkit  Indians.  168806.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Carving  and  inlaying  in  ivory.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  67906. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Carving  and  inlaying  in  ivory.  Port  Simpson,  B.  C.  229548.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carving  and  inlaying  in  ivory.  Port  Simpson,  B.  C.  229547.  Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Joined  painted  carving.  Haida,  Massett,  B.  C.  88880.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 


46  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Carving  in  ivory ;  doctor's  charm.     Skidegate,  Port  Simpson,  B.  C. 
89229.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carving  in  bone;  doctor's  charm.     Skidegate,  Port  Simpson,  B.  C. 
89021.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Wood  carving.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.     7900.     Collected 
by  Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 

Carving  in  walrus  tusk.     Sitka,  Alaska.     20756.     Collected  by  J. 
G.  Swan. 

Carving  in  hard  stone.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.     127612.     Col- 
lected by  Paymaster  E.  B.  Webster,  U.  S.  N. 

Carving  in  horn,  snuff  box.    Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.    16304.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall. 

Wood  carving  painted.     Sitka,  Alaska.    20754.    Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Carving  in  cow's  horn.     Tlinkits,  Southeastern  Alaska.     220438. 
Collected  by  S.  E.  Turner. 

Sculpture  in  slate,  Bear  Mother.    Haida,  Skidegate,  B.  C.    73117. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carving  in  wood.     Tlinkit,  Southeastern  Alaska.     233477.     Col- 
lected by  J.  R.  Swanton. 

Straightener    for    horn    spoon    handles.       Tlinkit,     Southeastern 
Alaska.    168339.    Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Whalebone  and  wooden  box.    Haida,  Massett,  B.  C.    89719.    Col- 
lected by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Paint  brushes.     Haida  Indians.     89905,  20548,  etc.     Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Box  in  which  painter  kept  his  brushes.     8011.     Haida  Indians, 
British  Columbia.    Collected  by  Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 

*  Painted   toy   paddles.      Haida    Indians,    British   Columbia.      7901. 
Collected  by  Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 

Paint  bag.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.     18932.     Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Paint  brushes.    Sitka,  Alaska.    74375.    Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Paint  stone  for  tattoo  paint.    Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.    88903. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Fungus  paint.    Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.    Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Paint  brushes.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.     49207.     Collected 
by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Paint  box.     Poonook,  Alaska.     15610.    Collected  by  H.  W.  Elliot. 

Carved  bone  hair  pin.    Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska.    233478.    Collected 
by  J.  R.  Swanton. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 


47 


Carved  bone  hair  pin.    Alaska.    274493.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H. 
Harriman. 

Gouge  with  carved  wood  handle.    Alaska.    9280.    Collected  by  Dr. 
A.  H.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A. 

Comb.    Fort  Wrangel,  Alaska.    233481.    Collected  by  J.  R.  Swan- 
ton. 

Comb.    Alaska.    274528.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Ivory  carving,  Shaman's  bone  tube.     Alaska.     274496.     Collected 
by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Awl.     Alaska.     274514.     Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Awl  handle.    Alaska.    274554.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Matting  needles.    Alaska.    274569.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harri- 
man. 

Carved  vertebra.    Sitka,  Alaska.    20736.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Earrings  of  bone.    Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.     168373.    Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Bone  armlets.    Kake  Indians,  Alaska.    2334867.    Collected  by  J.  R. 
Swanton. 

Bone  carving.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.     230072.     Collected  by  J. 
R.  Swanton. 

Handle  of  digging  stick.     Puget  Sound,  Washington.    2631.     Col- 
lected by  Admiral  Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Fungus  paint.    Alaska.    233497.    Collected  by  J.  R.  Swanton. 

Stencil  for  painting  the  face.     Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.     168362. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Face  marking  stencil.    Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.    168361.    Collected 
by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Sitka,  Alaska.     74954.     Collected  by  J.  J. 
McLean. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Alaska.     168357. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Alaska.     168358. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Alaska.     168359. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Alaska.     168360. 
Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Skin  dressing  bone.     Lake  Lebarge,  Alaska.     209286.     Collected 
by  Alice  R.  Crane. 

Gambling  sticks  and  case.    Alaska.    9286.    Collected  by  Dr.  A.  H. 
Hoff,  U.  S.  A. 


Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T. 

/ 

Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T. 


48  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Copper  with  engraved  bear.  Chilkat  Indian,  Alaska.  274567-8. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Ivory,  etched  doctor's  bracelet.  Tlinkit  Indian,  Alaska.  168376. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  etched  mourning  bracelets.  Koyukon  Indians,  Alaska. 
8809.  Collected  by  W.  H.  Ball. 

Antler  etched  bracelets.  Tinne  Indians,  Alaska.  Collected  by  R. 
MacFarlane. 

Necklace  of  concretions.  Alaska.  274535.  Collected  by  Mrs.  E. 
H.  Harriman. 

Twisted  sheet  brass  bracelets.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  274541. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Twisted  sheet  brass  bracelets.  Tlinkit  Indians.  Alaska.  274543. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Twisted  sheet  brass  bracelets.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  274542. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Brass  wire  bracelet.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  274544.  Collected 
by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Brass  flat  engraved  bracelet.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  274540. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Shell  for  cutting  basket  splints.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Southeast  Alaska. 
209961.  Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Rib  fork  for  lifting  fish.  Alaska.  274500.  Collected  by  E.  H. 
Harriman. 

Illustrations,  spoon  making.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  274174.  Col- 
lected by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Curved  knives  for  wood  carving.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska. 
74375  (4).  Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Gouge  with  carved  handle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  74372. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Awl.    Alaska.    274550.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Awl.  Makah  Indians,  Washington.  74770.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Dagger.  Tinne  Indians,  Upper  Stikine  River.  233485.  Collected 
by  J.  R.  Swanton. 

Woman's  awl.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  168348.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Small  awl.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  74351.  Collected  by 
J.  J.  McLean. 

Woman's  awl.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  168349.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  49 

Gimlet.  Hannegan  Indians,  Alaska.  20832.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Shaman's  hair  pin  of  ivory.  Alaska.  233478.  Collected  by  J. 
R.  Swanton. 

Trap  stick.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  230074.  Collected  by  J. 
R.  Swanton. 

Bark  peelers.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  88897.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Bark  peelers.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  88922.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Beech  wood  fish  hook  and  float.  Skidegate,  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands,  B.  C.  89207.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  halibut  hook.  Skidegate,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  B.  C. 
88789.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Carved  and  joined  fish  hook.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  45990. 
Collected  by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Carved  and  joined  fish  hook.  British  Columbia.  200831.  Col- 
lected by  E.  Granier. 

Bent  wood  fish  hook.  Puget  Sound,  Washington.  Collected  by  J. 
G.  Swan. 

Bent  wood  halibut  hook  iron  barb.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  88765. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Copper  harpoon  barbs.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  6564.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  G.  G.  Minor. 

Copper  harpoon  barb.  Alaska.  9083.  Collected  by  Lieut.  F.  M. 
Ring,  U.  S.  A. 

Copper  harpoon  barb,  Sitka,  Alaska.  20916.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Iron  harpoon  barb.  Sitka,  Alaska.  74360.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Harpoon  foreshaft,  head  and  leader.  Neeah  Bay,  Washington. 
4122.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Wale  harpoon  head  of  shell.  Makah  Indians,  Washington.  23338. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Hafted  stone  chisels.  Bella  Bella,  B.  C.  20603-20604.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  wedge.  Makah  Indians,  Washington.  72679.  Collected 
by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Stone  maul.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  88815.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Stone  pile  driver.  Kitamaat  Indians,  British  Columbia.  222031. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 


50  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Stone  mortar.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    210055.    Collected  by  I.  Fouguer. 

Smoothing  stone.  Spring  Island,  B.  C.  209696.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Smoothing  stone.  Spring  Island,  B.  C.  209695.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Pestle.    Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.    46337.    Collected  by  T.  H.  Bean. 

Hammer  stone.  Spring  Island,  B.  C.  209692.  Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Paint  mortar.    Chilkats,  Alaska.    89013.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Adz.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    20642.    Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Fish  scraper,  iron  and  copper.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska.  88773. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Bark  breaker.    Bella  Coola,  B.  C.  206548.    Collected  by  1.  Fouguer. 

Cedar  bark  breaker  of  whale  bone.  Neeah  Bay,  Washington.  2337. 
Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

Mat  creaser.  Tulalip  Reserve,  Washington.  130979.  Collected 
by  E.  C.  Chirouse. 

Netting  needle.  Alaska.  274525.  Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harri- 
man. 

Food  tray  carved  panels  and  inset.  Alaska.  23490.  Collected  by 
J.  G.  Swan. 

Large  wooden  ladle.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  74288.  Col- 
lected by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Food  tray.    Alaska.    274459.    Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harriman. 

Horn  dipper.  Alaska.  274235.  Collected  by  Mrs.  E.  H.  Harri- 
man. 

Carved  dish  tray.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Sitka,  Alaska.  74424.  Col- 
lected by  J.  J.  McLean. 

Wooden  fire  making  set.  Southern  Tlinkit  Indians,  Alaska.  239100. 
American  Museum  Natural  History,  N.  Y. 

Tubular  whistle.  Haida  Indians,  Massett,  B.  C.  Collected  by  J.  G. 
Swan. 

Whistle,  double.  Bella  Coola,  B.  C.  206579.  Collected  by  I. 
Fouguer. 

Whistle  with  wind  bag.  Klayoquot  Indians,  B.  C.  233180.  Col- 
lected by  Walter  Hough. 

Spoon  mould.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Southeast  Alaska.  209937.  Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Cedar  bark  mat.  Maka  Indians,  Washington.  260732.  Collected 
by  Department  of  Interior. 

Totemic  carving.  Tlinkit  Indians,  Southeast  Alaska.  260735.  Col- 
lected by  Department  of  Interior. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  51 

Cedar  bark  mat.  Nutka  Indians.  260733.  Collected  by  Depart- 
ment of  Interior. 

Wood  carving  representing  a  doctor.  Haida  Indians,  Massett, 
B.  C.  89147.  Collected  by  J.  G.  Swan. 

FAMILY  GROUP  OF  THE  ZULU-KAFFIR.  SOUTH  AFRICA. — The  Zulu- 
Kaffir  and  related  Bantu  tribes  live  in  the  semi-arid  southern  extremity 
of  the  African  continent.  They  are  physically  strong  and  energetic 
and  not  so  dark  as  the  true  Negro.  In  respect  to  military  and  social 
organization  they  are  superior  and  in  arts  and  industries  compare 
favorably  with  other  Africans.  They  depend  upon  maize,  and  wild 
fruit  principally  for  their  vegetal  food  supply  and  on  cattle,  goats, 
chickens,  and  wild  game  for  their  animal  food.  The  group  shows  a 
section  of  a  house  with  doorway;  a  fireplace  on  which  a  woman  is 
cooking  mush;  a  woman  dipping  beer  from  a  large  pottery  jar;  a 
woman  from  the  field  with  hoe;  a  water  carrier  poising  her  jar  on  her 
head;  a  man  playing  the  marimba  or  xylophone;  and  a  boy  driving  a 
goat.  The  group  represents  these  people  as  they  existed  some  years 
ago  before  they  were  affected  by  contact  with  white  men. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  ZULU.  SOUTH  AFRICA. — The  Zulu  are 
representative  of  the  populous  and  powerful  Bantu  family.  They  live 
in  a  semi-arid  country  and  subsist  on  maize,  wild  fruits,  domestic 
animals  and  game.  They  inhabit  well-planned  villages  under  the  rule 
of  a  chief.  Their  villages  are  circular  and  surrounded  by  a  fence. 
The  houses  have  dome  shaped  frames  thatched  with  grass.  The  family 
occupations  are  carried  on  outside  the  houses.  Storehouses,  small 
houses  for  animals,  and  other  purposes  are  scattered  among  the  dwell- 
ings. The  Zulu  make  pottery,  baskets,  wooden  vessels,  brew  beer,  and 
work  iron  into  weapons  and  agricultural  implements. 

ARTS  OF  THE  AFRICANS. — Africa  is  preeminently  the  continent  of 
primitive  iron  workers.  The  smith  devoted  most  of  his  efforts  to  the 
production  of  weapons.  The  majority  of  African  iron  weapons  are 
of  the  simple  leaf  shapes  which  appear  to  follow  in  a  measure  the 
form  of  the  early  blades  of  flint  made  in  Europe.  Other  blades  range 
from  the  bizarre  shapes  displaying  great  skill  and  ingenuity  to  the 
beautiful  lines  of  the  time  of  the  East  Africans.  The  long  straight 
sword  of  the  crusaders  entered  Africa  from  the  north  and  Mohamme- 
dan conquests  and  trade  brought  in  Arabian  and  Persian  forms.  Bows 
are  usually  simple  and  without  nocks;  shields  are  generally  large,  of 
basketry  and  hide;  clubs  are  the  typical  knob  kerry,  often  having  an 
iron  blade  attached.  The  assagais  vary  from  the  massive  spears  of 
British  East  Africa  to  the  slender  javelins  of  the  Zulu. 


52  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Rhinoceros'  hide  shield.  Africa.  130826.  Collected  by  Mrs.  J.  G. 
Bruff. 

Bamboo  bow.    Africa.    73267.    Collected  by  Dr.  Chatard. 

Iron  pointed  arrows.  Congo  River,  Africa.  169265.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Typical  African  bow.  Equatorial  Africa.  75578.  Collected  by 
Trocadero  Museum,  Paris. 

Assagai.  Bechuana,  West  Africa.  72742.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Assagai.  Northern  Zulu,  Ubombo  District,  Africa.  Collected  by 
V.  Schuck. 

Arm  shield.  British  East  Africa.  259149.  Collected  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

Bundle  of  assagais  and  quiver.  Omdurman,  Africa.  262133.  Col- 
lected by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Carved  club.    Angola,  Africa.    151299.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Club  with  semilunar  blade.  Kabre,  Massow,  Africa.  249829.  Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Carved  club.    Angola,  Africa.    205402.    Collected  by  W.  P.  Dodson. 

Carved  club.    Angola,  Africa.    151299.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Knob  club,  beaded.  Angola,  Africa.  151299.  Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 

Knob  club.  Masai,  British  East  Africa.  259553.  Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Knob  club.  North  Africa.  237857.  Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane  Fried- 
enwald. 

Basketry  shield.  Bololo  tribe,  Congo  River,  Africa.  169127.  Col- 
lected by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Dagger  with  leather  scabbard.  Haussa,  Soudan,  Africa.  249864. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Dagger  with  leather  scabbard.  Haussa,  Soudan,  Africa.  249865. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Sword  with  cowrie  scabbard.  North  Africa.  Collected  by  the 
National  Institute. 

Dagger.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174895.  Collected  by  Dorsey 
Mohun. 

Dagger.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174894.  Collected  by  Dorsey 
Mohun. 

Knob  club.    South  Africa.    251384.    Collected  by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Club  of  rhinoceros  horn.  Masai,  East  Africa.  257378.  Collected 
by  Royal  Museum,  Dresden. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  53 

Club  of  rhinoceros  horn.  Kaffir,  South  Africa.  4859.  Collected 
by  Albert  Hassall. 

Knob  club  of  wood.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  130728.  Col- 
lected by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Knob  club.    Mashonaland.    167503.    Collected  by  W.  H.  Brown. 

Arm  dagger.  Haussa,  Soudan,  Africa.  249865.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Dagger.  Bissagos,  Portuguese  Guinea.  249712.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Dagger.  North  Africa.  237824.  Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane  Frieden- 
wald. 

Spatulate  knife.  Lake  Montombi,  Africa.  169247.  Collected  by 
J.  H.  Camp. 

Chopping  sword.  Congo  River,  Africa.  Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H. 
Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Wrist  dagger.  Massow,  Kabre,  Africa.  249830.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Dagger.  North  Africa.  237825.  Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane  Frieden- 
wald. 

Dagger  and  sheath.  Gaboon  River,  Africa.  164890.  Collected  by 
A.  C.  Good. 

Assagai.    British  East  Africa.    Collected  by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Assagai.  Bayanzi,  Lower  Congo  River,  Africa.  76287.  Collected 
by  W.  P.  Tisdel. 

Longsword,  crusader  type.  North  Africa.  237828.  Collected  by 
Mrs.  Jane  Friedenwald. 

Battle  ax.  Kassai  River,  Africa.  204286.  Collected  by  S.  P. 
Verner. 

Battle  ax.    Angola,  Africa.    151367.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Short  sword.  Gaboon  River,  Africa.  164907.  Collected  by  Rev. 
A.  C.  Good. 

Short  sword,  incised.  Gaboon  River,  Africa.  164906.  Collected  by 
Rev.  A.  C.  Good. 

Curved  sword.  Mandigos,  Sudan,  Africa.  249736.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Curved  sword.  North  Africa.  237827.  Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane 
Friedenwald. 

Assagai,  carved  shaft.  Bayanzi,  Congo  River,  Africa.  76260. 
Collected  by  W.  P.  Tisdel. 

Assagai.  Bangalas,  Congo  River,  Africa.  174980.  Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 


54  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Curved  sword.  Bangalas,  Congo  River,  Africa.  174892.  Collected 
by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Dagger,  fine  leather  mounting.  Mandingos,  Liberia,  Africa.  168030. 
Collected  by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Sword  for  exorcisms.  Molangi  River,  Africa.  169250.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Sickle  shape  sword.  Welle  River,  Africa.  169252.  Collected  by 
J.  H.  Camp. 

Assagai.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174928.  Collected  by  Dorsey 
Mohun. 

Short  sword,  chased  blade.  Baketes,  Kassai  River,  Africa.  175892. 
Collected  by  D.  W.  Snyder. 

Short  sword,  thin  blade.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  72755.  Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Sword,  etched  blade.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174850.  Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 

Short  sword.    Baketes,  Kassai  River,  Africa.    175892.    Collected  by 

D.  W.  Snyder. 

Short  bizarre  sword.  Lake  Montombi,  Africa.  169249.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Short  sword.    Kassai  River,  Africa.     129928.     Collected  by  Lieut. 

E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Assagai.  Congo  River,  Africa.  127252.  Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H. 
Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Short  sword,  thin  blade.  Nenge-Nenge,  Gaboon  River,  Africa. 
206105.  Collected  by  R.  L.  Garner. 

Sword  of  fine  shape.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174336.  Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 

Curved  sword,  wrist  loop.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174894.  Col- 
lected by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Sword.  Chagga  tribe,  East  Africa.  209377.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Spear  money.  Kakamos,  Stanley  Falls,  Congo.  174683.  Collected 
by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Executioner's  curved  sword.  Bayanzi,  Congo  River,  Africa.  127249. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Sword,  openwork  blade.  Congo  River,  Africa.  127249.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Sword,  openwork  blade.  Congo  River,  Africa.  127246.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Short  tripointed  sword.  Kassai  River,  Africa.  204433.  Collected 
by  S.  P.  Verner. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 


55 


Short  sword.  Gaboon  River,  Africa.  164911.  Collected  by  Rev. 
A.  C.  Good. 

Short  sword  horn  grip.  British  East  Africa.  259155.  Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Short  sword  wood  sheath.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174846.  Collected 
by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Sword,  snake  skin  sheath, 
lected  by  Rev.  A.  C.  Good. 

Short  sword.     Monsembe,  Africa. 
Camp. 

Curved  knife.     Mandingos,  Sudan,  Africa. 
O.  F.  Cook. 

Short  sword.     Congo  River,  Africa.     127230. 
E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Sword,  leather  scabbard.  Kassai  River,  Africa.  204426.  Collected 
by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Sword,  wooden  scabbard.    Congo  River,  Africa, 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Short  sword.    Bakoubas,  Kassai  River,  Africa, 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Short  sword,  wooden  scabbard.     Congo  River,  Africa. 
Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Shield  of  basketry.    Bololo  tribe,  Congo,  Africa, 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Basketry  quiver  and  arrows.     Liberia,  Africa, 
by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Bows.     Mt.  Coffee,  Liberia,  Africa.     177722. 
Currie. 

ARTS  OF  THE  AFRICANS. — The  African  shows  appreciation  of  music 
and  other  arts,  but  his  rendering  in  all  branches  is  crude.  The  customary 
instruments  of  music  are  horns,  rattles,  drums,  bells  of  iron,  wood  and 
hard  fruits,  the  xylophone,  the  zanza  with  tongues  of  iron  and  wood, 
and  the  musical  bow.  The  harp-like  instruments  and  bowed  instru- 
ments appear  to  be  borrowed  as  were  the  pan  pipe  and  reed  instruments. 
The  principal  game  is  the  mancala  for  which  elaborate  boards  were 
carved.  Ornaments  for  the  ears,  neck,  wrists,  and  legs  are  of  various 
materials  but  rarely  tasteful.  Ornamentation  of  objects  by  carving, 
surface  marking  and  painting  is  very  common.  Mediums  of  exchange 
are  of  iron,  brass  and  copper  in  curious  forms.  Images  and  other 
carvings  connected  with  religion  are  often  skillfully  worked  but  are 
most  grotesque. 


Gaboon  River,  Africa.     164892.     Col- 
169253.     Collected  by  J.   H. 
168036.     Collected  by 
Collected  by  Lieut. 


127226.    Collected 


129926.    Collected 


174869. 


169126.    Collected 


168111.     Collected 


Collected  by  Mr. 


56  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Two  head  drum.    Haussas,  Africa.    249844.    Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Two  head  drum.    British  East  Africa.    259171.    Collected  by  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt. 

Two  head  drum,  carved  shell.    Kassai  River,  West  Africa.    204319. 
Collected  by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Single  head  drum.     Mashonaland,  Africa.     167473.     Collected  by 
W.  H.  Brown. 

Fetish  board.    Mandingoes,  Liberia,  Africa.    168054.    Collected  by 
O.  F.  Cook. 

Carved  paddle.    West  Africa.    169029.  Collected  by  the  Glen  Island 
Museum,  New  York. 

Carved  paddle.    West  Africa.    169031.  Collected  by  the  Glen  Island 
Museum,  New  York. 

Idol.     Ashantees,   West  Africa.      151127.     Collected   by   W.   H. 
Brown. 

Bundle  of  iron  money.    Gaboon  River,  Africa.     164905.    Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good* 

Copper  money.    Kassai  River,  Africa.    129935.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Copper  money.     Katanga,  Central  Africa.     151371.     Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Carved  dish.    Angola,  Africa.    205411.    Collected  by  W.  P.  Dodson. 

Ceremonial   carved   bird.     Jorubas,   Lower   Niger   River,   Africa. 
279042.    Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Pipehead.     Congo  River,  Africa.     174703.     Collected  by  Dorsey 
Mohun. 

Carved  ipo  vessel.    Jorubas,  Lower  Niger  River,  Africa.    279043. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Carved  ceremonial  figure.     Kabre,  Agome,  Africa.     249826.     Col-     , 
lected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Carved  wood  snuffbox.    Guinea,  Africa.    76291.  Collected  by  W.  P. 
Tisdel. 

Carved  wood  paint  mortar.     West  Africa.     169165.     Collected  by 
J.  H.  Camp. 

Six  string  harp.    Lake  Navaisha,  East  Africa.    257551.    Collected 
by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Ornamented  pottery  vessel.     Congo  River,  West  Africa.     169156. 
Collected  by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Ornamented  pottery.     Angola,  Africa.     166200.     Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  57 

Carved  ivory  figure.     Liberia,  Africa.     168886.     Collected  by  the 
Colonization  Society. 

Carved  ivory  figure.    Congo  River,  Africa.     174708.    Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 

Carved  ivory  figure.    Mayumba,  Africa.  164830.  Collected  by  A.  C. 
Cooke. 

Carved  elephant  tusk.    Upper  Niger  River,  Africa.     128361.     Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Decorated  gourd.    Congo  River,  Africa.  168058.  Collected  by  O.  F. 
Cook. 

Decorated  gourd.    Lower  Congo,  West  Africa.    169175.    Collected 
by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Wood  carvings.     Mayumba,  Africa.     165300.     Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

•     Carved  wood  idol.    Mayumba,  Africa.     165307.    Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Iron  money.    Mandingos,  Liberia.     168873.    Collected  by  the  Col- 
onization Society. 

Iron  money.    Gaboon  River,  Africa.     164905.    Collected  by  A.  C. 
Good. 

Ivory  ear  stretchers.    Massai,  Nyiro  River,  East  Africa.    257561. 
Collected  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A. 

Ivory  ear  stretchers.    Massai,  Nyiro  River,  East  Africa.    257562. 
Collected  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A. 

Ivory  ear  stretchers.     Massai,  Nyiro  River,  East  Africa.    257563. 
Collected  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A. 

Shell  ornament.    Missori  River,  Congo,  Africa.    174738.    Collected 
by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Ivory  armlet.    Egyptian  Sudan,  Africa.    178363.    Collected  by  Dr. 
E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A. 

Ivory  wristlet.    West  Coast,  Africa.    165432.    Collected  by  W.  W. 
Cadle. 

Copper  hairpins  (2).    Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.    129951.    Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Leather  wristlets.    Mandingoes,  Liberia,  Africa.    167999.  Collected 
by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Copper  bracelet.    Aruwimes,  Stanley  Falls,  Africa.     127197.    Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Copper  bracelet     Buramos,  West  Africa.     249723.     Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Copper  leglet.    Kassai  River,  Africa.    204271.     Collected  by  S.  P. 
Verner. 


58  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Slave  fetters  of  brass  (2).  West  Africa.  5165.  Collected  by  R.  R 
Gurley. 

Slave  fetter  of  brass.    Africa.    5162.    Collected  by  R.  R.  Gurley. 

Men's  neckring  of  brass.  Gaboon  River,  Africa.  164895.  Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good. 

Necklet  of  brass  currency.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  151690.  Col- 
lected by  British  Museum. 

Ceremonial  axe.  Dahomey,  Africa.  249739.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Ceremonial  axe.  Dahomey,  Africa.  249738.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Armlets  of  horn  and  copper.  British  East  Africa.  259169.  Col- 
lected by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Neckring,  leather  and  copper.  Central  Africa.  129944.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Armlet.  Massai,  East  Africa.  209375.  Collected  by  Royal  Dresden 
Museum. 

Leglet  of  brass.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  127199.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  bell.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  95214.  Collected  by  Carl  Steckel- 
man. 

Wooden  bell.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  95216.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Rattle.    Angola,  Africa.    25421.    Collected  by  W.  P.  Dodson. 

Wooden  fetish  bell.  Loango  Coast,  West  Africa.  72714.  Collected 
by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Wooden  bell.  Loango,  West  Africa.  152630.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Wooden  bell.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  95215.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Iron  fetish  bell.    West  Africa.    14729.    Collected  by  R.  R.  Gurley. 

Rattle.    West  Coast,  Africa.    165434.    Collected  by  W.  W.  Cadle. 

Witch  bell.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  130951.  Collected  by  J.  H. 
Camp. 

Bell  for  hunting  dog.  Togoland,  Africa.  249781.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Rattle  of  seeds.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  129945.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Iron  bell.    Gaboon  River,  Africa.    164882.    Collected  by  A.  C.  Good. 

Rattle.  Niadi-Loudimas  Loango,  Africa.  127991.  Collected  by 
Bureau  of  Arts,  Paris. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  59 

Rattle.     Nairobi,  British  East  Africa.     257552.     Collected  by  Dr. 
E.  A.  Mearns,  U.  S.  A. 

Bull  roarer.     Jorubas,  Togoland,  Africa.     279049.     Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

War  horn  of  ivory.     West  Africa.     4793.     Collected  by  J.  W. 
Lugenbeel. 

Iron  dance  bell.    Kabre,  Togoland,  Africa.    249827.     Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Wooden  horn.    West  Coast,  Africa.    165431.    Collected  by  W.  W. 
Cadle. 

Zanza.    Angola,  Africa.    151735.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Zanza.    Angola,  Africa.    166131.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Zanza.    Angola,  Africa.    166174.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Zanza.    Stanley  Falls,  Congo  River,  Africa.     127190.    Collected  by 
Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Panpipe  and  reed  pipes.    North  Africa.    237836.    Collected  by  Mrs. 
Jane  Friedenwald. 

Cocoon  leglet  rattle.    Southeast  Africa.    206407.    Collected  by  Dr. 
L.  O.  Howard. 

Gourd  rattle.     Atakpames,  Togoland,  West  Africa.     24980.     Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Zanza.    Angola,  Africa.    151293.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Ornamented  gourd  dipper.    Quiloa,  East  Coast  of  Africa.     127989. 
Collected  by  Bureau  of  Arts,  Paris. 

Xylophone.    Inhambane  Zulus,  S.  E.  Africa.    130719.    Collected  by 
Oberlin  College  Museum. 

Carved  stool.    Nupe,  Lower  Niger,  Africa.    279057.    Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Banjo.     North  Africa.    237833.     Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane  Frieden- 
wald. 

Musical  bow.    Mashonaland,  South  Africa.    167515.    Collected  by 
W.  H.  Brown. 

Fiddle  and  bow.    North  Africa.    237835.    Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane 
Friedenwald. 

Decorated  model  of  canoe.    Angola,  West  Africa.     166180.     Col- 
lected by  H.  Chatelain. 

Ceremonial  wooden  sword.     Congo  River,  Africa.     174784.     Col- 
lected by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Decorated  model  of  canoe.    Angola,  West  Africa.     166111.     Col- 
lected by  H.  Chatelain. 

Carved  paddle.    West  Africa.     169020.     Collected  by  Glen  Island 
Museum,  New  York. 


60  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Ceremonial  wooden  sword.  Congo  River.  West  Africa.  174783. 
Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Ceremonial  copper  sword.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204425. 
Collected  by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Ceremonial  copper  sword.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  174839. 
Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Carved  and  decorated  stool.  Nupe,  West  Sudan,  Africa.  279058. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Game  board.  Liberia,  West  Africa.  280019.  Collected  by  Coloni- 
zation Society. 

Game  board.  Elmina,  Lower  Congo,  Africa.  151128.  Collected 
by  W.  H.  Brown. 

Carved  stool  of  King  Tom.  Cavalley  River,  West  Africa.  7630. 
Collected  by  W.  Bruff. 

Carved  calabash.  West  Africa.  169008.  Collected  by  Glen  Island 
Museum,  New  York. 

Carved  and  painted  gourd.  Haussas,  Togoland,  Africa.  249842. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Carved  wooden  horn.  Sanbroso,  West  Africa.  169166.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Carved  buffalo  horn.  Sanguru  River,  Congo,  West  Africa.  174780. 
Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Carved  gourd.    West  Africa.    5158.    Collected  by  R.  R.  Gurley. 

Carved  gourd.  Lome,  Togoland,-  Africa.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Carved  gourds.  West  Africa.  169008.  Collected  by  Glen  Island 
Museum,  New  York. 

ARTS  OF  THE  AFRICAN  TRIBES. — This  case  contains  textile  work  of 
the  African  tribes  distributed  from  the  Congo  region  to  southeast 
Africa.  The  specimens  consist  of  a  variety  of  weaves  of  baskets  which 
demonstrate  the  skill  and  taste  of  the  primitive  artisans,  also  mats, 
blanket  robes,  netting,  hammock,  etc.  The  headdresses  and  bags  show 
the  greatest  skill  in  textile  work  and  especial  attention  is  called  to  the 
tufted  raffia  mats  which  line  the  case.  These  are  characteristic  of  the 
Congo  region  and  do  not  occur  in  any  other  part  of  Africa.  The 
patterns  of  these  cloths  are  very  interesting  and  are  repeated  in  the 
wood  carving. 

Coiled  basket  of  palm  leaf.  Inharnbane  Zulus,  South  Africa. 
255268.  Collected  by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Basket.  Mayumba,  West  Africa.  165282.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Coiled  basket.     Zulus,  South  Africa.     Collected  by  V.  Schuck. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  61 

Basket.    Mayumbas,  Africa.  165282.  Collected  by  Carl  Steckelman. 

Coiled  basket  of  palm  leaf.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255268. 
Collected  by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Fine  mat.  Comoro  Islands,  Africa.  617434.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Cotton  blanket  robe.  Cape  Palmas,  Africa.  4500.  Collected  by 
R.  R.  Gurley. 

Chief's  hat.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  Collected  by  Dorsey 
Mohun. 

Network  hat.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  169191.  Collected  by 
J.  H.  Camp. 

Chief's  hat.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204458.  Collected  by 
S.  P.  Verner. 

Cap  of  coilwork.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  169215.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Chief's  belt  of  raffia.  Bakubas,  Sankuru  River,  West  Africa. 
174576.  Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Hand  bag  of  network.  Togoland,  Africa.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Chief's  cap  of  raffia  cord.  West  Africa.  282222.  Collected  by 
E.  W.  Keyser. 

Network  cap  with  feathers.  Stanley  Falls,  Congo  River,  Africa. 
127218.  Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Chief's  belt.  Bakubas,  Upper  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  282224. 
Collected  by  E.  W.  Keyser. 

Chief's  headdress.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  151697.  Collected  by 
British  Museum. 

Hat  of  coiled  raffia.  Mandingoes,  West  Africa.  168871.  Collected 
by  Colonization  Society. 

Knitted  cotton  cap.  Liberia,  West  Africa.  168872.  Collected  by- 
Colonization  Society. 

Raffia  cap.  Angola,  West  Africa.  157329.  Collected  by  H.  Chate- 
lain. 

Coiled  raffia  cap.    Angola,  West  Africa.    Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Chief's  coiled-work  headdress.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  Col- 
lected by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Chief's  hat.  Mandingoes,  Liberia,  West  Africa.  178324.  Collected 
by  Colonization  Society. 

King's  cap  of  knit  work.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  166202.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Chatelain. 

Cap  of  knit- work.  Angola,  West  Africa.  205429.  Collected  by 
W.  P.  Dodson. 


62  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Chief's  hat  of  hide  and  bark.  Golahs,  Liberia,  Africa.  168057. 
Collected  by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Hat  of  coiled  network.  Angola,  West  Africa.  151362.  Collected 
by  H.  Chatelain. 

Tufted  skull  caps.  Angola,  West  Africa.  166173.  Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Basket  tray  of  raffia.  Dahomey,  West  Africa.  249729.  Collected 
by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Oval  coiled  basket  cover.  Bonny,  West  Africa.  166198.  Collected 
by  H.  Chatelain. 

Coiled  basket  tray.  Achiouyas,  Upper  Ogoway,  Africa.  128007. 
Collected  by  Bureau  of  Arts,  Paris. 

Coiled  openwork  basket.  North  Africa.  76535.  Collected  by  De- 
partment of  State. 

Fine  diaper  basket.  Longo  Bondo,  Africa.  152616.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Wicker  basket  with  foot.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164860. 
Collected  by  A.  C.  Good. 

Coiled  basket  tray.  Chaggas,  East  Africa.  151582.  Collected  by 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wicker  tray.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164859.  Collected  by 
A.  C.  Good. 

Basketry  frame  for  headdress.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  Col- 
lected by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Basket  tray  of  raffia.  Mandingos,  Liberia,  West  Africa.  249728. 
Collected  by  Colonization  Society. 

Wicker  basket.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164859.  Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good. 

Wicker  basket.  Anechos,  Togoland,  Africa.  249870.  Collected  by 
Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Fine  checker  basket  tray.  Loango  Coast,  West  Africa.  72719.  Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Wicker  basket.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165232.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Fine  checker  basket.  Loango  Coast,  West  Africa.  72718.  Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Checker  and  coil  basket.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165282.  Col- 
lected by  Carl  Steckelman. 

Checker  and  coil  basket.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165281.  Col- 
lected by  Carl  Steckelman. 

Wicker  basket  tray.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  165282.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  63 

Checker  basket  tray.  Loango  Coast,  West  Africa.  72717.  Col- 
lected by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Wicker  basket.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  165232.  Collected  by  Carl 
Steckelman. 

Checker  basket  with  carved  wood  rim.  Africa.  255270.  Collected 
by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Twilled  basket  box.  Betsimisaraka,  Madagascar.  175387.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket.  Ekopafio,  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  166143. 
Collected  by  H.  Chatelain. 

Diagonal  woven  basket.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204460. 
Collected  by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Basketry  wicker  scoop.  Dahomey,  West  Africa.  151337.  Collected 
by  H.  Chatelain. 

Diagonal  basketry  bag.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255272. 
Collected  by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Heavy  coil  basket.  Massai,  Eastern  Africa.  151216.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fan  of  coiled  raffia.  Angola,  West  Africa.  166189.  Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Fan  of  coiled  raffia.  Angola,  West  Africa.  205425.  Collected  by 
W.  P.  Dodson. 

Trimmed  basket.  Golas,  West  Africa.  167997.  Collected  by  O.  F. 
Cook. 

Twined  hammock  of  raffia.  West  Africa.  4942.  Collected  by  M. 
Mauve. 

Basket  wallet  of  fine  checker.  Africa.  211184.  Collected  by 
Admiral  R.  W.  Shuf  eldt,  U.  S.  N. 

Coiled  raffia  tray.  Angola,  Africa.  166195.  Collected  by  H.  Chate- 
lain. 

Coiled  raffia  tray.  Angola,  West  Africa.  166194.  Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Net  bag.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  157693.  Collected  by  British 
Museum. 

Raffia  material.    Africa.    169225.    Collected  by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Coiled  raffia  tray.  Angola,  West  Africa.  166193.  Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Weaving  stick.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165313.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Twine  and  wicker  basket.  Angola,  West  Africa.  151312.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Chatelain. 


64  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Coiled  raffia  mat.  Angola,  West  Africa.  166192.  Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Wicker  ring  basket.  West  Africa.  166210.  Collected  by  H.  Chate- 
lain. 

Tufted  mat  cloth.  Upper  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  128424. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

ARTS  OF  THE  AFRICAN  TRIBES. — The  specimens  in  this  case  repre- 
sent principally  the  advancement  of  the  Bantu  tribes  of  the  southern 
portion  of  the  African  continent  and  consist  of  articles  related  to  the 
domestic  economy,  toys,  dolls,  ornaments  and  objects  of  personal  use. 
These  show  in  a  favorable  light  the  capabilities  of  the  African  before 
his  contact  with  European  civilization,  and  they  also  give  an  impression 
of  his  inventive  and  artistic  standing. 

Calabash  bowl.  Jorubus,  Lower  Niger,  Africa.  Collected  by  Liep- 
zig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Brass  vase.    Africa.    259321.    Collected  by  Rev.  R.  C.  Nightingale. 

Pottery  bowl.  Angola,  West  Africa.  205437.  Collected  by  W.  P. 
Dodson. 

Pottery  vase.  Pessahs,  Liberia,  Africa.  168048.  Collected  by 
O.  F.  Cook. 

Grease  pot  of  wood.  Massai,  East  Africa.  257568.  Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Bark  bucket.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255399.  Collected 
by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Grease  pot.  Massai,  East  Africa.  257567.  Collected  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

Honey  bucket.  Chaggas,  Mt.  Kilimanjaro,  Africa.  151196.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Paint  pot.  Massai,  East  Africa.  257570.  Collected  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

Bark  bucket.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164870.  Collected  by 
A.  C.  Good. 

Gourd  bottle  for  palm  oil.  Pessahs,  Liberia,  West  Africa.  168097. 
Collected  by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Leather  bottle.  Upper  Sudan,  Africa.  216041.  Collected  by  V.  G. 
Fisher. 

Carved  wood  milk  pot.  East  Africa.  167096.  Collected  by  W.  A. 
Chanler. 

Pottery  vessel.  Pessahs,  Liberia,  West  Africa.  168048.  Collected 
by  O.  F.  Cook. 

Elephant  tail  brush.  Golas,  Liberia,  Africa.  168060.  Collected  by 
O.  F.  Cook. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  65 

Brush  decorated  with  cowries.  Kabre,  Togoland,  Africa.  249815. 
Collected  by  Leipzig  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Beaded  snuff  box.  Inhambane  Zulus,  Southeast  Africa.  130752. 
Collected  by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Beaded  gourd  snuff-box.  Zulus,  South  Africa.  150442.  Collected 
by  E.  Lovett. 

Weight  for  digging  stick.  Zulus,  Cape  Colony,  Africa.  130917. 
Collected  by  E.  Lovett. 

Bracelet.  Wakambas,  East  Africa.  169059.  Collected  by  W.  A. 
Chanler. 

Bracelet  of  bead-work.  Wakambas,  East  Africa.  169058.  Col- 
lected by  W.  A.  Chanler. 

Doll.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255295.  Collected  by  E.  H. 
Richards. 

Doll.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255296.  Collected  by  E.  H. 
Richards. 

Necklace  of  beadwork.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251350.  Collected 
by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Necklace  of  wood  blocks.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251345.  Collected 
by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Girdle  and  apron  of  beads.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251355.  Col- 
lected by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Girdle  and  apron  of  beads.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251356.  Col- 
lected by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Woman's  apron.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251554.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Bead  necklace.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251353.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Bead  necklace.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251352.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Bead  necklace.  Tana  River,  East  Africa.  167102.  Collected  by 
W.  A.  Chanler. 

Necklace  of  beads.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251347.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Bead-work  neckring.  Tana  River,  East  Africa.  Collected  by  W.  A. 
Chanler. 

Bead  necklace.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  151349.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Necklace  of  beads.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251348.  Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Pendant  of  the  Kaffir  orange.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  251357.  Col- 
lected by  Louisiana  Durant. 


66  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Bone  spoons.   Kaffirs,  South  Africa.   251339.    Collected  by  Louisi- 
ana Durant. 

Neckring  of  iron  and  copper.    East  Africa.    259170.    Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

.      Neckrings.    East  Africa.    259170.     Collected  by  Theodore  Roose- 
velt. 

Carved  wood  snuff  bottle.     Mashonaland,  Africa.     167442.     Col- 
lected by  W.  H.  Brown. 

Snuff-box  of  horn.    Kaffirs,  South  Africa.    251336.     Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Toy  giraffe  of  wood.    Kaffirs,  South  Africa.    224454.    Collected  by 
E.  Lovett. 

Necklace  of  beads.    Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.    255279.    Col- 
lected by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Leather  wire  inlaid  box.    Kaffirs,  South  Africa.    251369.    Collected 
by  Louisiana  Durant. 

Woman's  paint  box.     British  East  Africa.     257569.     Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Chimpanze  skull  fetish.    Mandingoes,  Liberia,  West  Africa.  168878. 
Collected  by  Colonization  Society. 

Horn  snuff  bottle.     Kaffirs,  South  Africa.     251338.     Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Beaded  cane.    Kaffirs,  South  Africa.    251360.    Collected  by  Louisi- 
ana Durant. 

Necklace  of  seeds.     Kaffirs,  South  Africa.     251343.     Collected  by 
Louisiana  Durant. 

Hemp  water  pipe.     Mashonaland,  Africa.     167438.     Collected  by 
W.  H.  Brown. 

Snuff-boxes.    Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.     130737.    Collected 
by  E.  H.  Richards. 

Powder  horn.     Mandingoes,  Liberia,  West  Africa.     168869.     Col- 
lected by  Colonization  Society. 

Water  pipe.     Mashonaland,  Africa.     167439.     Collected  by  W.  H. 
Brown. 

Hemp  for  smoking.    Angola,  West  Africa.     151320.     Collected  by 
H.  Chatelain. 

Pottery  pipe.    Gaboon  River,  Africa.     164881.    Collected  by  A.  C. 
Good. 

Water  pipe  of  horn.    Angola,  West  Africa.  205416.     Collected  by 
W.  P.  Dodson. 

Pipe  and  stem.    Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.   150834.  Collected 
by  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Museum. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  67 

Native  tobacco.    Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.    204347.    Collected 
by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Native  tobacco  in  roll.    West  Africa.     169186.    Collected  by  J.  H. 
Camp. 

Ivory  pipe.     Sankuru,  West  Africa.     169220.     Collected  by  J.  H. 
Camp. 

Native  tobacco.     Angola,  West  Africa.     151321.  Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 

Pipe  bowl  of  pottery.     West  Africa.     5164.     Collected  by  R.  R. 
Gurley. 

Wooden  pipe.     Zulus,   South  Africa.     129691.     Collected  by  E. 
Lovett. 

Pottery  pipehead.    Bari,  West  Africa.    236947.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Pottery  pipehead.    Bari,  West  Africa.    236948.    Collected  by  Lieut. 
G.  T.  Emmons,  U.  S.  N. 

Comb  of  wood.    Angola,  West  Africa.     151327.    Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 

1    Wooden  comb.    Zulus,  South  Africa.    130733.    Collected  by  E.  H. 
Richards. 

Wooden  comb.    West  Africa.    165435.    Collected  by  W.  W.  Cadle. 

Wooden   comb.      Loango,   West   Africa.      127986.      Collected   by 
Bureau  of  Arts,  Paris. 

Wooden   comb.     Mayumbas,   Africa.      165309.      Collected   by   C. 
Steckelman. 

Carved  hair  comb.    Bakubas,  Upper  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa. 
204320.     Collected  by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Native  tobacco.    Angola,  Africa.    205417.    Collected  by  H.  Chate- 
lain and  H.  P.  Dodson. 

Native  tobacco.    Angola,  Africa.    151742.    Collected  by  H.  Chate- 
lain and  H.  P.  Dodson. 

Double  bowl  carved  wood  pipe.     Sankuru,  West  Africa.     169168. 
Collected  by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Long  pipe  with  brass  bowl.    Congo  River,  West  Africa.     174726. 
Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Elephant  tusk  pipe.    Stanley  Falls,  Congo  River,  Africa.     127202. 
Collected  by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Carved  wood  pipe.  Bakubas,  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.   129930. 
Collected  by  Lieut  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  pipe.    East  Africa.    168807.    Collected  by  W.  A.  Chanler. 

Slave  whips.    Western  Sudan,  Africa.    4965.    Collected  by  National 
Institute. 


68  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Fly  brush.  Loango,  West  Africa.  72711.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Whip  of  raffia.  Pessahs,  Liberia,  Africa.  167990.  Collected  by 
O.  F.  Cook. 

Fly  brush.  North  Africa.  237820.  Collected  by  Mrs.  Jane  Frie- 
denwald. 

Fly  brush.  Mandingoes,  West  Africa.  76539.  Collected  by  U.  S. 
Department  of  State. 

Fly  brush.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  259106.  Collected  by  Dr. 
Hugh  M.  Smith. 

Graters  (2).  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165291.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Wooden  hoe.  Chaggas,  East  Africa.  151771.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Iron  hoe  blade.    Africa. 

Iron  hoe  blade.  Angola,  West  Africa.  151310.  Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 

Iron  hoe  blade.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204364.  Collected 
by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Iron  hoe  blade.  Angola,  West  Africa.  151310.  Collected  by  H. 
Chatelain. 

Farmer's  knife.  Bakuni,  Loango,  West  Africa.  152625.  Col- 
lected by  Carl  Steckelman. 

Bill  hook!  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  129930.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Chisel  for  tapping  trees.  Upper  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  169257. 
Collected  by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Razor.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204351.  Collected  by  S.  P. 
Verner. 

Woman's  knife.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164886.  Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good. 

Bamboo  knife.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164854.  Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good. 

Ax.     Zulus,  South  Africa.     6076.     Collected  by  W.  Wood. 

Ax.  Kimbundus,  Angola,  West  Africa.  151496.  Collected  by 
Bishop  Taylor  Mission. 

Ax.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204341.  Collected  by  S.  P. 
Verner. 

Ax.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164875.  Collected  by  A.  C. 
Good. 

Ax.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  204285.  Collected  by  S.  P. 
Verner. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  69 

Hoe.  Chagga  tribe,  East  Africa.  151808.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Adz-ax.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165294.  Collected  by 'Carl 
Steckelman. 

Ax.     Angola,  West  Africa.    205405.    Collected  by  W.  P.  Dodson. 

Red  wood  for  making  powder.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164899. 
Collected  by  A.  C.  Good. 

Ax.     Somali,  East  Africa.     167090.     Collected  by  W.  A.  Chanler. 

Spade.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164863.  Collected  by  A.  C. 
Good. 

Hoe.    Loango,  West  Africa.    152624.    Collected  by  C.  Steckelman. 

Wooden  dish.  Loango,  West  Africa.  152628.  Collected  by  C. 
Steckelman. 

Wooden  dish.  Mashonaland,  Africa.  167452.  Collected  by  W.  H. 
Brown. 

Pottery  dish.  Elmina,  Angola,  Africa.  151144.  Collected  by  W. 
H.  Brown. 

Wooden  dish.  Chaggas,  East  Africa.  151754.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Pottery  dish.  Elmina,  Angola,  Africa.  151145.  Collected  by  W. 
H.  Brown. 

Canoe  bailer.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165290.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Pot  rest.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164868.  Collected  by  A. 
C.  Good. 

Rawhide  bottles.  Congo,  West  Africa.  174734.  Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 

Soup  stirrers.  Wandorobo,  East  Africa.  257558.  Collected  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Wooden  spoon.  Zanzibar,  Africa.  72734.  Collected  by  Leipzig 
Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Gourd  bowl.  Togoland,  West  Africa.  249775.  Collected  by  Leip- 
zig Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Gourd  dipper.    West  Africa.    5157.    Collected  by  R.  R.  Gurley. 

Wooden  spoon,  carved  handle.  Somali,  Berbera,  East  Africa. 
175323.  Collected  by  Glen  Island  Museum,  New  York. 

Double  wooden  spoon.  Congo  River,  Africa.  174746.  Collected 
by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Wooden  spoon,  carved  handle.  Somali,  Berbera,  East  Africa. 
175325.  Collected  by  Glen  Island  Museum,  New  York. 

Carved  wooden  spoon.  Somali,  Berbera,  East  Africa.  175324. 
Collected  by  Glen  Island  Museum,  New  York. 


70  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Snuff-box  and  wire  chain.  Massai,  East  Africa.  257566.  Col- 
lected by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Gourd  bottle  for  oil.  Mashonaland,  Africa.  167483.  Collected  by 
W.  H.  Brown. 

Gourd  snuff  bottle.  Kaffirs,  South  Africa.  73220.  Collected  by 
George  Veder. 

Gourd  oil  bottle.  Mashonaland,  Africa.  167454.  Collected  by 
W.  H.  Brown. 

Wooden  ladle.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165287.  Collected  by 
Carl  Steckelman. 

Wooden  spoon.     Madagascar.     129687.     Collected  by  E.  Bartlett. 

Wooden  spoon.     Madagascar.     129686.     Collected  by  E.  Bartlett. 

Spoons  of  wood.  Gola,  West  Africa.  168012.  Collected  by  O.  F. 
Cook. 

Wooden    spoon,    carved    handle.      Gaboon    River,    West    Africa. 

164856.  Collected  A.  C.  Good. 

Wooden    spoon,    carved    handle.      Gaboon    River,    West    Africa. 

164857.  Collected  by  A.  C.  Good, 

Soap.     Congo,  Africa.     174777.     Collected  by  Dorsey  Mohun. 

Wooden  mortar.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164865.  Collected 
by  A.  C.  Good. 

Pestle.  Mayumbas,  Africa.  165292.  Collected  by  Carl  Steckel- 
man. 

Wooden  bowl,  carved  handle.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa. 
204470.  Collected  by  S.  P.  Verner. 

Pestle.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164866.  Collected  by  A.  C 
Good. 

Old  ivory  pestle.  Kassai  River,  Central  Africa.  127203.  Col- 
lected by  Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Mortar.  Loango,  West  Africa.  152629.  Collected  by  Carl  Steck- 
elman. 

Wooden  bowl.  East  Africa.  175315.  Collected  by  W.  M.  McCor- 
mick. 

Carved  wooden  ladle.  North  Africa.  237815.  Collected  by  Mrs. 
Jane  Friedenwald. 

Pestle.  Gaboon  River,  West  Africa.  164866.  Collected  by  A.  C, 
Good. 

Mortar,  Mashonaland,  Africa.  167459.  Collected  by  W.  H. 
Brown. 

Burden  cushions  of  palm  leaf.  Mayumbas,  West  Africa.  165286. 
Collected  by  Carl  Steckelman. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  71 

Wooden  bowl.  Liberia,  West  Africa.  168051.  Collected  by  O.  F. 
Cook. 

Stool  of  carved  wood.  Lobango,  West  Africa.  169132.  Collected 
by  J.  H.  Camp. 

Stool.  Monyema,  Congo,  West  Africa.  174759.  Collected  by 
Dorsey  Mohun. 

Stool  of  carved  wood.  Congo  River,  West  Africa.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  E.  H.  Taunt,  U.  S.  N. 

Pillow.  Somalis,  Berbera,  East  Africa.  175307.  Collected  by  Glen 
Island  Museum,  New  York. 

Stool  of  joined  work.  Angola,  Africa.  205439.  Collected  by  W. 
P.  Dodson. 

Hoe.  Inhambane  Zulus,  South  Africa.  255390.  Collected  by  E. 
H.  Richards. 

FAMILY  GROUP  OF  THE  CARIES.  BRITISH  GUIANA. — Various  tribes 
of  the  Carib  stock  live  in  the  interior  of  British  Guiana  where  some  of 
them  have  only  recently  been  visited  by  white  men.  The  country  is 
densely  forested  and  tropical  and  the  products  and  climate  are  like  that 
of  much  of  northern  South  America.  The  tribes  of  a  vast  region  there- 
fore are  in  about  the  same  degree  of  advancement  which  is  not  very 
high,  but  is  interesting  as  a  type  of  tropical  culture,  showing  the  great 
degree  of  repression  exerted  by  exuberance  of  vegetal  growth. 

The  group  shows  a  warrior  with  blowgun;  a  woman  and  child 
squeezing  cassava  in  a  primitive  lever  press,  the  pressure  being  exerted 
on  a  tubular  basket  and  the  liquid  collected  in  a  vessel  set  beneath;  a 
woman  decorating  a  tree  gourd  bowl  with  characteristic  interlocking 
designs ;  and  a  child  holding  a  pet  bird  and  flowers.  A  hammock  swing- 
ing from  two  house  posts  represents  the  bed  in  general  use  in  Mexico, 
Central  and  South  America. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  CARIB  INDIANS.  BRITISH  GUIANA. — 
Tribes  of  the  Carib  and  Arawak  stocks  having  a  similar  culture  live  in 
the  forests  along  the  streams  in  the  Guianas.  They  build  large  rect- 
angular houses  roofed  with  palm  leaf  and  with  one  or  more  sides 
covered  with  the  same  leaf.  Within  the  house  hammocks  are  swung 
from  post  to  post.  Outdoor  work  consists  of  the  grating,  pressing, 
sifting,  and  cooking  of  cassava  which  is  an  important  food  resource  of 
these  Indians;  pottery  making;  wood  carving;  canoe  making;  etc. 
Sometimes  the  Arawak  build  a  conical  cook  house.  The  tapir  and 
other  large  animals  are  roasted  on  a  wooden  grid. 

ARTS  OF  THE  BRITISH  GUIANA  TRIBES. — The  exhibit  in  this  case  is 
interesting  as  showing  specimens  from  tribes  absolutely  unmodified  by 
contact  with  white  men.  These  tribes  live  in  the  far  interior  of  British 


72  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Guiana  near  the  extreme  Brazilian  northern  frontier.  The  exhibits 
are  objects  for  personal  decoration  and  for  ceremony  and  consist  of 
headdresses,  earrings,  belts,  arm  bands,  necklaces,  capes,  etc.,  made 
chiefly  with  the  brilliantly  colored  feathers  of  tropical  birds. 

Headdress    of    feathers.      Wapisianna    Indians,    British    Guiana. 

278626.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  ornament  for  the  back.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278556.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Bark  bag  hold-all.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  43.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Seed  necklace.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278562.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Armlets  worn  by  men.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278582. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Bamboo  and  seed  rattle.  Atoria  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278639. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube,  beads  and  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278566!  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  shoulder  cape.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278581.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube,  beads  and  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  20. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  shoulder  cape.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278574.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278628.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  band.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  24.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  band.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278560.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress    of    feathers.      Wapisianna    Indians,    British    Guiana. 

278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  73 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278570.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  band.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278646.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  band.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278646.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278559.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Underlip  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Underlip  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  9.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  20.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Narrow  hat  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  26.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  headdress.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278636.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278565.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  9.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Underlip  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  9.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Underlip  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  20.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Child's  necklace.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278648.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Nose  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  8.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  and  bead  waist  band.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  11. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 


74  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Nose  feathers  worn  by  men.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278568.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Belt  or  lap  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  13.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Nose  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  8.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Narrow  hats  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  26. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Nose  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  8.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Belt  ornaments  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  13. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Nose  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  8.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Man's  bead  and  feather  belt.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  41. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Nose  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278568.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  and  bead  belt.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278613. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  headdress.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Holdall  basket.  British  Guiana.  278569.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278628.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Holdall  basket.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278571.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress    of    feathers.      Wapisianna    Indians,    British    Guiana. 

278640.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  38. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Basket,  squirrel  design.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  1.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Basket,  scorpion  pattern.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  5.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Headdress  of  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278627.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle,  thumped  on    ground.     Atoroia    Indians,    British    Guiana. 

278641.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  75 

Palm  leaf  hair  tubes.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  21.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Ornaments  hung  to  the  belt.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  14. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  flute,  design  a  star.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278532.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  Ornament  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  40. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Palm  leaf  hair  tube.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  21.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Waist  ornament  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  40. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Woman's  bead  apron.  British  Guiana.  45678.  Collected  by  P. 
Figyelmesey. 

Armlets  worn  by  men.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278583. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Head  band  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  11.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Earrings.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  42.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube  of  palm  leaf.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  21.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Feather  waist  ornament.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  40. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube  of  palm  leaf.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  21.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  flute,  flower  shape.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278531.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper-knife.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guinea.  19. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper-knife.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guinea.  17. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper-knife.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guinea.  17. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  18.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper-knife.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guinea.  17. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Boar's  tooth  scraper-knife.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guinea.  17. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  flute,  fish  design.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  .  Guiana. 
278535.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 


76  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Apron  ornaments  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  14. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Bead  and  feather  belt.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278550. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Macaw  feather  for  crowns.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278618.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Hair  tube  of  palm  leaf.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278587. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Armlets  worn  by  men.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278583. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Tube  for  macaw  feathers.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278542.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Belt  ornaments  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  14. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Belt  ornaments  of  feathers.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  14. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  flute,  bird  design.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278534. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  flute,  bush  fowl  design.     Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana. 

278539.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance   flute,   bird  design.     Wapisianna   Indians,   British   Guiana. 

278540.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Comb.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278567.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Comb.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278567.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Comb.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  16.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Comb.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  16.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Comb.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  16.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

ARTS  OF  THE  BRITISH  GUIANA  TRIBES. — The  contents  of  the  case 
illustrate  in  a  general  way  the  products  of  the  arts  and  industries  of 
the  Guianas.  The  pottery  is  from  Dutch  and  British  Guiana.  The 
basketry  is  from  British  Guiana  and  is  of  great  artistic  value.  Wood 
carving  is  shown  by  the  hardwood  clubs  having  also  superficial  decora- 
tion. The  musical  instruments  are  rattles,  drum,  flute,  flageolet,  and 
turtle  shells  which  are  waxed  and  rubbed  to  produce  sound.  A  basket 
trunk,  grater,  carrying  frame  and  a  mat  are  exhibited  as  representative 
of  Carib  art  in  other  localities  than  the  Guianas. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  77 

Polished  earthenware  pot.     British  Guiana.     45681.     Collected  by 
P.  Figyelmesey. 

Decorated  pottery  vessel.     British  Guiana.     45692.     Collected  by 
P.  Figyelmesey. 

Decorated  pottery  bottle.     Dutch  Guiana.     132292.     Collected  by 
C.  J.  Herring. 

Pottery  water  bottle.     Acawoise  Indians,  British  Guiana.     45686. 
Collected  by  P.  Figyelmesey. 

Decorated  pottery  bowl.     British  Guiana.     45696.     Collected  by 
P.  Figyelmesey. 

Decorated  pottery  bowl.     Dutch  Guiana.     132297.     Collected  by 
C.  J.  Herring. 

Decorated  pottery  bowl.     British  Guiana.     45691.     Collected  by 
P.  Figyelmesey. 

Pottery  bowl.    Dutch  Guiana.    132295.    Collected  by  C.  J.  Herring. 

Decorated  pottery  bowl.     British  Guiana.    4360.     Collected  by  W. 
C.  McClintock. 

Decorated  pottery  bowl.     British  Guiana.    4357.     Collected  by  W. 
C.  McClintock. 

Hammock.     Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.     278622.     Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Bark  bag.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278543.    Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Bark  bag.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278543.     Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Armadillo  shell  hold-all.    Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278591. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Armadillo  shell  hold-all.    Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278525. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Palm    seed    finger    rings.      Wapisianna    Indians,    British    Guiana. 
278624.    Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Paint  tube  and  stick.    Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278638. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Paint  tube  and  stick.    Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278594. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Pig  tooth  scraper.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278588.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Pig  tooth  scraper.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278583.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Pig  tooth  scraper.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278588.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 


78 


THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 


Pig  tooth  scraper.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278588.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Fan   for  blowing  the  fire.     Wapisianna  Indians,   British  Guiana. 
278544.    Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Cassava  sifter.     British  Guiana.     5359.     Collected  by  James  Mc- 
Clintock. 

Fire  fan.    Dutch  Guiana.     127126.    Collected  by  J.  C.  Herring. 

Spoon  of  jicara  fruit.    Dutch  Guiana.     127131.    Collected  by  C.  J. 
Herring. 

Spindle  for  cotton.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278590.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Spindle  for  cotton.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278590.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Spindle  for  cotton.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    22.    Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Spindle  for -cotton.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    22.    Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Stamp  for  the  face.     Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.     30.     Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Stamp  for  the  face.     Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.     30.     Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Stamp  for  the  face.     Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.     278541. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Whips  for  ordeal.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana,    44.    Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Whips  for  ordeal.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278605.    Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Whip  for  ordeal.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    278605.     Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Whip  for  ordeal.    Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.    44.     Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Dance  skirt  of  palm  leaf.     Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

War  club.    British  Guiana.    4352.    Collected  by  W.  C.  McClintock. 

War  club.     Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.     278633.     Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

War  club.    Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.    Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

War  club.    British  Guiana.    4350.    Collected  by  W.  C.  McClintock. 

War  duty.     Macussi  Indians,  British  Guiana.     278631.     Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  79 

War  club.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278576.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

War  club.  Macussi  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278632.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

War  club.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278630.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Diaper  weaving  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Diaper  weaving  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Diaper  weaving  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Diaper  weaving  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Diaper  weaving  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  John 
Ogilvie. 

Turtle  shell  sounders.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278607. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Turtle  shell  sounders.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278642. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  tree  gourd.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278596. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  gourd.  Wapisianna  Indians.  British  Guiana.  278595. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  gourd.  Wapisianna  Indians.  British  Guiana.  278595. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  gourd.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278578. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  tree  gourd.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278578. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Rattle  of  bamboo.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278641.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Gourd  for  snuffing  medicine.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278584.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278602.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278601.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278598.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278603.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 


80  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Flute  of  cane.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278603.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  bamboo.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278599.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flageolet  of  cane.  Taruma  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278597.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278600.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Flute  of  cane.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278604.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Panpipe  of  bone.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278625. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Turtle  shell  sounders.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana. 
278606.  Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Pair  of  bone  flutes.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278641. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Jaguar  bone  flute.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278593. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Bone  flutes.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278593.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Cassava  grater.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  46.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Drum  and  drumstick.  Atoroia  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278572. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Grass  mat.  Warrawarrou  Indians,  British  Guiana.  153157.  Col- 
lected by  F.  A.  Ober. 

Carrying  basket.    Belize.    126805.    Collected  by  A.  E.  Morlan. 

Cassava  grater.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  46.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Cassava  grater.    Belize.     127050.    Collected  by  A.  E.  Morlan. 

Diaper  woven  mat.  British  Guiana.  4371.  Collected  by  W.  C. 
McClintock. 

Baby  carrier  of  cotton.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  27. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Basket.  Warrou  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4354.  Collected  by 
W.  C.  McClintock. 

Palm  leaf  holdall.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  37.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Woman's  bark  bag.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278543.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Woman's  bark  bag.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  43.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  81 

Woman's  bark  bag.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  49.  Col- 
lected by  John  Ogilvie. 

Trunk  of  basketry.     Belize.     127054.     Collected  by  A.  E.  Morlan. 

Bark  bag.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278543.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Bark  bag.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278543.  Collected  by 
John  Ogilvie. 

Sandals  of  ita  palm.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278585. 
Collected  by  John  Ogilvie. 

Pitch  for  thread.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  2.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Basketwork  box.  Wywy  Indians,  British  Guiana.  37.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

Carrying  basket.  Warrou  Indians,  British  Guiana.  4354.  Col- 
lected by  W.  C.  McClintock. 

Fire  fan.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  278544.  Collected 
by  John  Ogilvie. 

ARTS  OF  SOUTH  AMERICAN  TRIBES. — This  case  exhibits  a  general 
series  of  objects  from  various  portions  of  South  America  and  includes 
feather  costume  and  ornaments,  necklaces,  combs,  musical  instruments, 
chisels  of  rodent  teeth,  pottery,  basketry,  knit  bags,  cradle,  ax,  bows, 
arrows,  blowgun  quivers,  and  darts,  etc.,  from  the  Indian  tribes  mostly 
of  Paraguay  and  Brazil.  These  specimens  show  to  some  extent  the 
culture  of  the  tribes  and  the  variety  of  objects  which  are  products  of 
their  handiwork. 

Feather  waistband.  Guana  Indians,  Paraguay.  210738.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  crown.     Paraguay.     176767.     Hassler  collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210745.  Hass- 
ler collection 

Feather  necklace.    Paraguay.    Hassler  collection. 

Feather  crown.     Paraguay.     176766.    Hassler  collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210745.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Guana  Indians,  Paraguay.  210735.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210745.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Guana  Indians,  Paraguay.  210734.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210745.  Hass- 
ler collection. 


82  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Feather  ear  pendants.  Guarine  Indians,  Paraguay.  210656.  Hass- 
ler  collection. 

Feather  ear  ornaments.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210645. 
Hassler  collection. 

Feather  plumes.  Guarine  Indians,  Paraguay.  213634.  Collected 
by  J.  N.  Ruffin. 

Feather  plume.     Paraguay.     176772.     Hassler  collection. 

Feather  plume.  Lengua  Indians,  Paraguay.  210636.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  ornaments.  Upper  Paraguay  River,  Paraguay.  210467. 
Hassler  collection. 

Feather  headdress.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210709.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Feather  wristlets.  Guarine  Indians,  Paraguay.  213624.  Collected 
by  J.  N.  Ruffin. 

Feather  plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210617.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  ear  ornaments.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210648. 
Hassler  collection. 

Nose  ornament.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210822.  Collected  by 
W.  A.  Cook. 

Feather  ear  pendants.  Guarine  Indians,  Paraguay.  213623.  Col- 
lected by  J.  N.  Ruffin. 

Feather  ear  ornament.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210650. 
Hassler  collection. 

Feather  ear  pendants.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210681. 
Hassler  collection. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210641.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210634.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210612.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210637.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210635.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Plume.  Chamacoco  Brabos.  Paraguay.  210615.  Hassler  collec- 
tion. 

Feather  bracelet.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210705.  Hassler 
collection. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  83 

Feather  bracelet.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210708.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  headdress.  Caingua  Indians,  Paraguay.  210691.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  frontlet.  Sanapan  Indians,  Paraguay.  210642.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  frontlet.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210616.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  frontlet.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210697.  Hassler 
collection. 

Feather  frontlet.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210629.  Hassler 
collection. 

Frontlet  of  feathers.  Caingua  Indians,  Paraguay.  210609.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Feather  waistband.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210745.  Hass- 
ler collection. 

Baby  carrying  band.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276583.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Woman's  charm  necklace.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210816.  Col- 
lected by  O.  A.  Derby. 

Necklace  of  seeds.  Cadoco  Indians,  Paraguay.  210543.  Hassler 
collection. 

Necklace  of  bone  beads.  Guato  Indians,  Paraguay.  210558.  Hass- 
ler cojlection. 

Necklace  of  black  beads.  Ecuador.  128060.  Collected  by  Bureau 
of  Arts,  Paris. 

Necklace  of  peccary  teeth.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276585. 
Collected  by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Necklace  of  seeds.  Cadoca  Indians,  Paraguay.  210542.  Hassler 
collection. 

Necklace,  teeth  and  seeds.  Guarani  Indians,  Paraguay.  210560. 
Hassler  collection. 

Breast  ornament  of  claws.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210813.  Col- 
lected by  O.  A.  Derby. 

Necklace  of  tiger's  teeth.  Piro  Indians,  Peru.  164684.  Collected 
by  W.  E.  Safford. 

Bull  roarer.  Boro  Indians,  Brazil.  210832.  Collected  by  O.  A. 
Derby. 

Comb.    Ecuador.    274983.    Collected  by  Mrs.  Julian  James. 

Comb.    Ecuador.    274982.    Collected  by  Mrs.  Julian  James. 

Double  comb.  Boro  Indians,  Brazil.  210865.  Collected  by  O.  A. 
Derby. 


84  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Comb  of  seed  pod.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276587.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Ball  of  cord.  Jamamadi  Indians,  Brazil.  209999.  Collected  by 
J.  B.  Steere. 

Necklace,  cane  and  seeds.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay  River. 
210787.  Collected  by  Emil  Hassler. 

Rodent  tooth  chisels.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276567.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Rodent  jaw  chisel.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276568.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Armlets.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  164684.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Armlets.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  164684.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Armlets.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  164684.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Armlets.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  164687.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Bark  belt.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  164687.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Bark  belt.  Jivaros  Indians,  Peru.  165119.  Collected  by  W.  E. 
Safford. 

Bark  girdle.  Amazon  River.  474.  Collected  by  Lieuts.  Herndon 
and  Gibbon,  U.  S.  N. 

Hafted  stone  ax.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276589.  Collected 
by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Hair  rope.  Tupi  Indians,  Paraguay.  210539.  Collected  by  E. 
Hassler. 

Hair  rope.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276570.  Collected  by  F. 
C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Cooking  pot.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276579.  Collected  by 
F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Brass  mortar.  Lima,  Peru.  75959.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Jones, 
U.  S.  N. 

Carved  wood  vase.  Peru.  5691.  Collected  by  Admiral  Charles 
Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Coiled  basket.  Peru.  150844.  Collected  by  Peabody  Museum, 
Cambridge,  Mass. 

Knit  bag.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210510.  Collected  by 
E.  Hassler. 

Knit  bag.  Cuximanapanas,  Paraguay.  210495.  Collected  by  E. 
Hassler. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  85 

Knit  bag.  Cuximanapanas,  Paraguay.  210746.  Collected  by  E. 
Hassler. 

Knit  bag.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210752.  Collected  by 
E.  Hassler. 

Knit  bag.  Chamacoco  Brabos,  Paraguay.  210762.  Collected  by 
E.  Hassler. 

Knit  bag.  Lengua  Indians,  Paraguay.  210488.  Collected  by  E. 
Hassler. 

Feather  costume.  Guarine  Indians,  Paraguay.  213621.  Collected 
by  J.  N.  Ruffin. 

Quiver  and  blowgun  darts.  Rio  Negro,  Brazil.  130647.  Collected 
by  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  England. 

Quiver  and  blowgun  darts.  Upper  Amazon  River.  4838.  Col- 
lected by  National  Institute. 

Quiver  and  blowgun  darts.  Jamamadi  Indians,  Brazil,  210011. 
Collected  by  J.  B.  Steere. 

Quiver  and  blowgun  arrows.  Mura  Indians,  Amazon  River,  Brazil. 
4835.  Collected  by  National  Institute. 

House  model.  Maracaibo  Indians,  Venezuela.  255576.  Collected 
by  E.  H.  Plumacher. 

Basketry  sieve.  Bahia,  Brazil.  130645.  Collected  by  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew,  England. 

Wooden  stool.    British  Guiana.    210445.    Collected  by  E.  Hassler. 

Cradle  for  child.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210881.  Collected  by 
O.  A.  Derby. 

Tray  for  food.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210880.  Collected  by  O. 
A.  Derby. 

Two  head  drum.  Valley  of  the  Amazon.  5720.  Collected  by 
Lieut.  W.  L.  Herndon,  U.  S.  N. 

Wax  coated  honey  basket.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276578. 
Collected  by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Fire  fan  of  palm  leaf.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276581.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Basketry  feather  case.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276575.  Col- 
lected by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Bow  wound  with  palm  leaf.  Ucayali  River,  Peru,  473.  Collected 
by  Lieut.  W.  L.  Herndon,  U.  S.  N. 

Hardwood  bow.  Rio  Negro.  471.  Collected  by  Lieuts.  Herndon 
and  Gibbon,  U.  S.  N. 

Hardwood  bow.  Upper  Amazon.  75583.  Collected  by  Trocadero 
Museum,  Paris. 


86  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Palmwood  bow.  Jamamadi  Indians,  Brazil.  210029.  Collected 
by  J.  B.  Steere. 

Bow.  Wapisianna  Indians,  British  Guiana.  43108.  Collected  by 
F.  M.  Endlich. 

Arrow.    Costa  Rica.     129590.    Collected  by  J.  Fleming. 

Arrows.  Motilon  Indians,  Venezuela.  205626.  Collected  by 
Edward  Plumacher. 

Arrows.  Motilon  Indians,  Venezuela.  205627.  Collected  by 
Edward  Plumacher. 

Hardwood  bow.    Brazil.    73215.     Collected  by  George  Veder. 

Retrieving  spear.  Motilon  Indians,  Venezuela.  205628.  Collected 
by  Edward  Plumacher. 

Palm  leaf  feather  holder.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276576. 
Collected  by  F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

Basket  wallet.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210878.  Collected  by  O. 
A.  Derby. 

Basket  wallet.  Bororo  Indians,  Brazil.  210879.  Collected  by  O. 
A.  Derby. 

Bark  coat.  Guapore  Indians,  Brazil.  Collected  by  Dr.  H.  L.  E. 
Johnson. 

Mat  of  bark.  Guayaki  Indians,  Paraguay.  276582.  Collected  by 
F.  C.  Mayntzhusen. 

ARTS  OF  THE  PANAMA  INDIANS. — The  specimens  shown  give  some 
idea  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Panama  Indians  at  the  era  of 
Balboa  (1513).  There  has  been  in  most  respects  little  change  in  the 
arts  of  the  Panama  Indians  since  that  time.  The  case  contains  pottery, 
basketry,  textiles,  domestic  utensils,  ornaments,  costumes,  musical 
instruments,  bows  and  arrows,  masks,  and  ceremonial  costumes  of 
ornamented  bark  cloth,  etc.  The  modern  Central  American  Indians 
are  little  advanced  in  the  arts  in  which  the  ancient  Indians  of  the  region 
excelled. 

Gourd.  Bocas  del  Toro,  Panama.  253701.  Collected  by  F.  E. 
Read. 

Pottery  vessel.     Colombia.     43116.     Collected  by  T.  Herran. 

Double  bottle  of  pottery.  Colombia.  ,43115.  Collected  by  T. 
Herran. 

Water  bottle.     Colombia.     43120.     Collected  by  T.  Herran. 

Water  bottle.    Colombia.   43114.     Collected  by  T.  Herran. 

Double  water  bottle.     Colombia.    43119.     Collected  by  T.  Herran. 

Basket.  Chucaumaqui  Indians,  Panama,  253651.  Collected  by  H. 
C.  Curl. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  87 

Cocoapalm  spathe  hat.  Nicaragua.  167377.  Collected  by  E.  H. 
Colson. 

Cocoapalm  spathe  hat.  Nicaragua.  167377.  Collected  by  E.  H. 
Colson. 

Bottle  shaped  receptacles  of  calabash.  Choco  Indians,  South 
Darien,  Panama.  272598.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Jicara  spoons.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272590. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Bark  cloth,  mallet  of  shell.  Guaimi  Indians,  Eastern  Chiriqui, 
Panama.  272604.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Stone  ax.  Guiami  Indians,  Rio  San  Feliz,  Panama.  272605.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Stone  ax.  Guiami  Indians,  Rio  San  Feliz,  Panama.  272606.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Resin.  Bocas  del  Toro,  Panama.  233700.    Collected  by  F.  E.  Read. 

Beaded  collar.  Guaimi  Indians,  Rio  San  Feliz,  Panama.  272610. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Children's  top,  a  mimosa  seed.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien, 
Panama.  272597.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Knit  bag.    Chiriqui,  Panama.    Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Knit  bag.  Chiriqui,  Panama.  75638.  Collected  by  John  S  Lam- 
son  and  brother. 

Knit  bag.  Chiriqui,  Panama.  75625.  Collected  by  John  S.  Lam- 
son  and  brother. 

Knit  bag.  Guaimi  Indians,  Upper  Feliz  River,  Panama.  272600. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Knit  bag.  Chiriqui,  Panama.  75626.  Collected  by  John  S.  Lam- 
son  and  brother. 

Knit  bag.  Indians  of  Los  Remedies,  Panama.  248572.  Collected 
by  Major  D.  D.  Gaillard,  U.  S.  A. 

Knit  bag.  Chiriqui,  Panama.  75639.  Collected  by  John  S.  Lam- 
son  and  brother. 

Wicker  basket.  Sacatequepez,  Guatemala.  93002.  Collected  by 
the  Government  of  Guatemala. 

Wicker  basket.  Sepacuite,  Guatemala.  214356.  Collected  by  Mrs. 
M.  W.  Owen. 

Wicker  basket.  Guatemala.  92980.  Collected  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  Guatemala. 

Wicker  basket.  Sepacuite,  Guatemala.  214356.  Collected  by  Mrs. 
M.  W.  Owen. 

Woman's  waist.  Cuna  Indians,  Panama.  263359.  Collected  by 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Bell. 


88  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Knit  bag.  Cuna  Indians,  Panama.  263345.  Collected  by  Mrs. 
W.  H.  Bell. 

Fine  diaper  work  basket.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272584.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Trumpet.  Bocas  del  Toro,  Panama.  263703.  Collected  by  F.  E. 
Reed. 

Cassava  press  of  basketry.  Colombia.  8210.  Collected  by  Thomas 
Herran. 

Hat  braid.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272887.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Basketry,  pouch  for  caps,  etc.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien, 
Panama.  272586.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Copp  of  cord.  Guatriso  Indians,  Costa  Rica.  176328.  Collected 
by  Charles  W.  Richmond. 

Basket.  Choco  Indians,  Sambu  Valley,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272583.  Collected  by  H.  Pittiers. 

Bow  of  palmwood.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  272612.  Collected 
by  H.  Pittier. 

Arrow  with  three  points.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  272612.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Bow.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  263340.  Collected  by  Mrs.  W.  H. 
Bell. 

Bow.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  272612.  Collected  by  H.  Pit- 
tier. 

Spear  with  knife  beaded  head.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  263343. 
Collected  by  Mrs.  W.  H.  Bell. 

Arrow  with  blunt  head.  Cuna  Indians,  Panama.  263344.  Col- 
lected by  Mrs.  W.  H.  Bell. 

Barbed  Spear.  Cuna  Indians,  Panama.  263341.  Collected  by 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Bell. 

Trident  arrow.  Cuna  Indians,  Panama.  263342.  Collected  by 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Bell. 

Medicine  stick.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272594. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Basket.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272576.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Braided  hat.  Guaimi  Indians,  Panama.  272602.  Collected  by  H. 
Pittier. 

Basket.  Belize,  Central  America.  127052.  Collected  by  A.  K. 
Morlan. 

Basket.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien.  272581.  Collected  by  H. 
Pittier. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  89 

Large  basket  of  hexagonal  openwork.  Choco  Indians,  Sambu  Val- 
ley, South  Darien,  Panama.  272579.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Diaper  basket  trunk.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272582.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Basket  for  carrying.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272578.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Canoe  model  for  children.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272601.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Canoe  model  for  children.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama. 
272600.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Wooden  pillow.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272592. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Wooden  pillow.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272593. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Storage  basket,  used  in  house  only.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien, 
Panama.  272580.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Mat  of  basketry.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272589. 
Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Drum  used  in  dance.     Choco    Indians,    South    Darien,    Panama. 

272595.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Basket.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272577.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Fire  fan.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272588.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Fire  fan.  Choco  Indians,  South  Darien,  Panama.  272588.  Col- 
lected by  H.  Pittier. 

Bark  cloth.  Talamanca  Indians,  Costa  Rica.  15429.  Collected 
by  W.  M.  Gabb. 

Bark  cloth.  Talamanca  Indians,  Costa  Rica.  15428.  Collected 
by  W.  M.  Gabb. 

Play  bird   for  children.     Choco  Indians,   South  Darien,   Panama. 

272596.  Collected  by  H.  Pittier. 

Palm  leaf  rain  coat.  Popoyan,  Colombia.  73569.  Collected  by 
Dr.  G.  Brumer. 

Mask  of  peccary  and  deer.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248565.  Collected 
by  A.  Bienkowski. 

Coat  of  ornamental  bark  cloth.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248570.  Col- 
lected by  A.  Bienkowski. 

Pants  of  ornamented  cloth.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248571.  Col- 
lected by  A.  Bienkowski. 

Mask  of  peccary  and  deer.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248567.  Col- 
lected by  A.  Bienkowski. 


90  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Coat  of  ornamented  bark  cloth.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248568.  Col- 
lected by  A.  Bienkowski. 

Masks  of  peccary  and  deer.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248666.  Collected 
by  A.  Bienkowski. 

Pants  of  ornamented  bark  cloth.  Veraguas,  Panama.  248569. 
Collected  by  A.  Bienkowski. 

FAMILY  GROUP  OF  THE  DYAKS,  ISLAND  OF  BORNEO. — The  Dyaks 
are  Indonesians  living  along  the  rivers  of  the  interior  of  Borneo  in 
the  midst  of  heavy  tropical  forests.  They  are  expert  house  and  boat 
builders  and  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  blowgun.  Rice,  sago,  tropical 
fruits,  monkeys,  wild  pigs  and  other  game  yield  them  subsistence. 
The  Dyaks  are  warlike  and  are  still  to  some  extent  headhunters. 
Their  weapons  are  spears,  short  swords,  blowguns  with  poison  tipped 
darts,  and  rarely  bows  and  arrows. 

The  group  here  shown  represents  a  Dyak  family  on  the  porch  of 
the  communal  house  carrying  on  their  various  occupations.  A  woman 
pounds  rice  in  a  wooden  mortar ;  a  woman  carries  rice  in  a  back  basket 
by  means  of  a  head  strap;  a  woman  seated  on  the  floor  makes  a 
basket;  a  man  armed  with  a  blowgun  brings  in  from  the  forest  a  red 
monkey  which  he  has  killed;  and  two  children  play  a  game  of  cats' 
cradle,  which  is  a  familiar  form  of  amusement  in  this  part  of  the 
world. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  DYAKS,  BORNEO. — The  Dyaks  live  mainly 
in  the  heavily  forested  interior  of  Borneo,  subsisting  on  rice,  sago, 
native  fruits  and  game.  In  many  respects  the  culture  of  the  Dyaks 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  forest  tribes  of  South  America.  Dyak  houses 
are  communal,  long  structures  erected  on  high  posts  with  a  wide  bam- 
boo floored  porch  where  the  household  activities  are  carried  on.  These 
houses  are  built  along  the  rivers.  Rice  storehouses  and  other  smaller 
sheds  are  also  built.  The  Dyaks  are  expert  boatmen  and  make  large 
dugout  canoes. 

ARTS  OF  THE  DYAKS  OF  BORNEO. — Dyak  weapons  are  characteristic 
of  the  localities  in  which  they  are  made  and  used.  Some  of  the  swords 
are  types  of  a  locality  and  are  not  found  elsewhere,  while  others  are 
related  to  the  weapons  of  the  Malays,  the  Sumatrans,  the  Javanese  and 
other  tribes  north  to  the  Philippines.  The  spear  is  of  the  general  type 
found  all  over  the  East  Indies,  and  the  head  is  occasionally  added  as  a 
bayonet  to  the  blowgun.  The  latter  are  remarkable  examples  of  wood 
drilling.  Several  bamboo  blow  guns  for  darts  are  shown.  The  shields 
are  light  and  effective  against  the  class  of  weapons  used. 

Pig  spear  with  bone  head.  Dyaks  of  Western  Borneo.  249176. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  91 

Harpoon  for  spearing  pigs.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
244186.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Spear.    Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo.    244171.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

War  spear.    Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo.  244169. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  antique  spear.    Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.    255866.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Harpoon.    Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo.    244179.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

War  spear,  damascened  head.     Dyaks  of  West  Borneo.     249175. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Quiver  for  blowgun  darts.     Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo. 
249152.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Quiver  for  blowgun  darts.     Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo. 
244397.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  with  scabbard.     South  Borneo.     232570.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Dagger,  damascened  blade.     Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.     255900. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

War  dress.     Sarawak,  Borneo.     154157.    Collected  by  Rounceville 
Wildman. 

Sword,  carved  bone  grip.    Renduku,  West  Borneo.    249005.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Shield  set  with  human  hair.    Sarawak,  Borneo.    154157.    Collected 
by  Rounceville  Wildman. 

Sword  with  inlaid  blade.     Southeast  Borneo.     178768.     Collected 
by  Royal  Ethnographic  Museum,  Leiden. 

Sword,  inlaid  scabbard.    Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.    244493. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  and  scabbard.    Southern  Borneo.    232572.    Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Shield  with  rattan  braces.     Southeast  Borneo.     178770.     Collected 
by  Royal  Ethnographic  Museum,  Leiden. 

Sword,  wire  wound  grip.     Dyaks,  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo. 
244482.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Short  sword  and  scabbard.    Dyaks,  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo. 
249022.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.    Dyaks,  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.    244476.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  Borneo.    249008.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 


92  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Sword  and  scabbard.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244489. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Curved  sword,  Sumatran  form.  Southern  Borneo.  232573.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  and  scabbard.  Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo.  249011. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Scabbard  of  wood.  Landak  River,  West  Borneo.  255880.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244511.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Dagger  and  sheath.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244513. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  of  ancient  style.  Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  Borneo.  249044. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  Borneo.  249017.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Kris  with  damascened  blade.    Dyaks  of  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo. 

255890.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword,  wire  wound  grip.  Dyaks  of  Landak,  Borneo.  244480. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Kris.  Dyaks  of  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  255892.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  with  deer  bone  grip.  Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West 
Borneo.  249007.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Kris,    damascened   blade.      Dyaks   of    Pasir   River,   East   Borneo. 

255891.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Kris,  damascened  blade.  Dyaks  of  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo. 
255893.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo.  244481. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244506.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244502.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword.  Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo.  249003.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Chopper  for  clearing  land.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo. 
244498.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Gutta  collector's  sword.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
249015.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Chopper.  Renduku,  West  Borneo.  249004.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  93 

Dagger.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244518.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sword  and  scabbard.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244484. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Chopper.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo.  244507. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Chopper  and  sheath.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo. 
244504.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Quiver  for  blowgun  darts.  Dyaks  of  Borneo.  154123.  Collected 
by  Rounceville  Wildman. 

Shield.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244035.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun.  Dyaks  of  Sanggau,  West  Borneo.  244178.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun.  Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.  249172.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun-spear.  Dyaks  of  West  Borneo.  249170.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun-spear.  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244175.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun-spear.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244176.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Blowgun-spear.  Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.  249167. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Quiver  for  blowgun  darts.  Borneo.  803.  Collected  by  J.  B. 
Balestier. 

ARTS  OF  THE  DYAKS  OF  BORNEO. — The  basketry  of  the  Dyaks  is 
unrivalled  for  strength,  fineness,  variety  and  skill  in  construction. 
Rattan  and  bamboo,  tough  and  resistant,  are  materials  capable  of  being 
readily  and  evenly  divided  and  splints  of  any  length  can  be  easily 
made.  Many  of  the  specimens  combine  joinery  work  with  basket 
weaving  and  the  knots,  loops,  windings,  and  other  fastening  off  show 
marvelous  ingenuity.  While  the  Dyaks  excel  in  basket  work  they  are 
weak  in  decorative  patterns. 

Basket  of  fine  bamboo.  Dyaks  of  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo. 
255773.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket  of  bamboo.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West 
Borneo.  244280.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Old  basket  of  bamboo.  Dyaks  of  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  255571. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket  with  lid.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244414. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


94  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Back  basket,  diaper  weave.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256663. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bamboo  decorated  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo. 
244318.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  sowing  basket.  Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244295. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Basket  for  grasshoppers.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
244326.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  diaper  work  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo. 
244299.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  betel  basket.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
244339.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Checker  seed  basket.  Dyaks  of  Sanggau,  Borneo.  244294.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  openwork  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244269. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  planting  basket.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244297. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  planting  basket.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244296. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wallet,  bamboo  and  rattan.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  Borneo.  249497. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  bamboo  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo. 
244317.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Planting  basket.  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244321.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Basket,  four  pointed  lid.  Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo. 
249423.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bamboo  basket  (Javanese).  Pontianak,  West  Borneo.  244309. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Diaper  weave  betel  basket.  Dyaks  of  Maliau,  Borneo.  244324. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Diaper  weave  basket.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244319.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Openwork  bamboo  basket.  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244315.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Diaper  weave  basket.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244320.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  betel  basket.  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244345.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  basket  pouch.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo. 
244338.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  95 

Openwork  basket  of  bamboo.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River, 
West  Borneo.  244312.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Basket  for  carrying  a  fowl.  Dyaks  of  Pasir,  East  Borneo.  256700. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Openwork  basket  with  lid.  Sarawak,  Borneo.  249418.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  back  basket.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256652.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket  of  rattan.  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.  253933. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket  of  rattan.  Dyaks,  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo. 
253925.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twilled  rattan  basket.  Dyaks  of  West  Borneo.  249421.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244257.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rattan  carrying  basket.  Dyaks  of  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West 
Borneo.  244271.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twined  carrying  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo. 
253922.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Small  fish  basket.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244327.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fine  diaper  basket.  Dyaks  of  Simunchong  River,  S.  W.  Borneo. 
253936.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Hold-all  basket  of  rattan.  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.  253934. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Hexagonal  weave  basket.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244328.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Basket  of  rattan.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256698.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Diaper  weave  basket.  Dyaks  of  Kualan,  Borneo.  244261.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket.  Upper  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256705.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twilled  basket  of  bamboo.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  255778. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twined  carrying  basket.  Sambas  Malays,  West  Borneo.  249493. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twined  back  basket.  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.  253916.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twilled  basket.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  249427.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


96  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Carrying  frame  of  rattan.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256704. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Spathe  basket,  carved  lid.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244419.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Open  work  basket  in  process.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
244277.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  frame.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244215.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Spathe  basket.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244418.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket  with  lid.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  West  Borneo. 
244417.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

ARTS  OF  THE  DYAKS  OF  BORNEO. — This  case  contains  specimens 
giving  an  impression  of  the  material  objects  which  enter  into  the  social 
life  of  the  Dyaks  principally  of  West  Borneo.  They  consist  of 
costumes  of  decorated  bark  cloth,  ornaments,  toilet  articles,  masks, 
games,  instruments  of  music,  traps,  basket  making  tools  and  agricul- 
tural and  household  implements  and  utensils.  The  case  presents  both 
a  view  of  Dyak  art  and  of  Dyak  advancement  in  the  arts  of  life. 

Ghost  house.  East  Coast  of  Borneo.  251870.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fish  trap.  Dyaks  of  Borneo.  244201.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Fish  trap.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244196.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Quail  trap.  Malays,  East  Coast  of  Sumatra.  237140.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fish  trap.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244194.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fish  trap.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244197.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  headband.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244114.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  headband.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244532.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Jacket  of  bark  cloth.  Dyaks  of  Kendawangan  River,  Borneo. 
254062.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Belt  of  bark  cloth.  Dyaks  of  Upper  Sempang  River,  Borneo. 
249282.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bark  cloth  headband.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249280.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 


97 


Shell  necklace.    Dyaks  of  Borneo.     154160.    Collected  by  Rounce- 
ville  Wildman. 

Bark  cloth  headband.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.    249281.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bark  cloth  headband.     Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.     24929. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Grater    for    face    powder.      Dyaks    of    Renduku,    West    Borneo. 
249066.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Grater  for  face  powder.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.     249065. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Grater  for  face  powder.     Dyaks  of  Gray,  West  Borneo.     249064. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Comb  of  wood.    Dyaks  of  Renduku,  West  Borneo.    249275.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  back  comb.     Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  West  Borneo. 
249084.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Back   comb   of   carved   wood.     Dyaks.    Simundang   River,   West 
Borneo.    249072.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wooden  comb.    Dyaks,  Simundang  River,  West  Borneo.    24*9069. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice    cutter,    carved.      Dyaks    of    Kendawangan    River,    Borneo. 
254202.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  cutter.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.  249056. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  cutter.     Dyaks  of  Simundang  River,  Borneo.     249057.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Back  scratcher.    Dyaks  of  Mambulu  River,  S.  W.  Borneo.    254214. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Hairpins  of  bamboo.    Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249088.    Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Hairpins.    Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249087.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Hairpins. 
Abbott. 

Hairpin. 
Abbott. 

Hairpin. 
Abbott. 

Hairpin. 
Abbott. 

Hairpin. 
Abbott. 


Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249083.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L 
Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249103.     Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 


Dyaks,  West  Borneo.     249094. 
Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249103. 


Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 


Dyaks,  West  Borneo.    249091.     Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 


98 


THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 


Man's  earrings.    Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.    254190.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earrings.     Dyaks  of  Mambulu  River,  Borneo.    254201.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs.    Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.    249110.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs.    Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.    249111.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs.    Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.    249109.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs.    Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  West  Borneo.    249113.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs,  pair.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.    249105.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs,  pair.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.    249107.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Earplugs,  pair.    Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.    249106.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  hat.    Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.    244102.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  box.     Landak  River,  West  Borneo.     244393.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  mask.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244189.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  mask.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244190.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  mask.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244190.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mask.    Landak  River,  Borneo.    244188.     Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Headdress  of  Hornbill.     Dyaks  of  Borneo.     1870.     Collected  by 
J.  B.  Balestier. 

Wooden  box   for  ammunition.     Lower   Sakaiam   River,   Borneo. 
244381.     Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Box  for  tobacco.     Landak  River,  Borneo.     244391.     Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Tobacco  pipe.     Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.     254204.     Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Box   for  ammunition.     Lower   Sakaiam   River,   Borneo.     244379. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Tobacco  box.     Landak  River,  Borneo.     244383.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  99 

Tobacco  box.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244388.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Tobacco  box.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244387.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Tobacco  box.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244390.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wooden  tobacco  box.  Landak  River,  Borneo.  244395.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Pouch  and  knife.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244376.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bamboo  case  for  betel  nut.  Simundang  River,  Borneo.  249135. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Basket  for  betel  nut.  Kapuas  River,  West  Borneo.  244342.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Waist  pouch  for  betel  nut.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244346. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Ammunition  box  of  bark.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244380. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Knife  for  splitting  bamboo.  Simundang  River,  Borneo.  249043. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Knife  for  splitting  bamboo  for  baskets.  Landak  River,  West 
Borneo.  244470.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  knife.  Dyaks  of  Kumru,  Borneo.  249045.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Woman's  knife.  Dyaks  of  Sempang  River,  Borneo.  249046.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Spindle  for  making  cord.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244459. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Weaving  sword.  Landak  River,  West  Borneo.  244517.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Awl  for  making  baskets.  Dyaks  of  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  249054. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Awl  for  basket  making.  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249053.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Awl  for  basket  making.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249050. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Awl  for  basket  making.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249452. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Knife  for  basket  splints.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249038. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Knife  for  basket  splints.  Dyaks  of  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249039. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


100  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Knife  for  basket  splints.    Dyaks  of  Borneo.    178768.    Collected  by 
Royal  Ethnographic  Museum,  Leiden. 

Puzzle.      Simundang  River,   Borneo.     249246.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Betel  nut  basket  with  compartments.     Pasir  River,  East  Borneo. 
255824.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  basket.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244355.     Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Betel  nut  basket.    Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.    255822.    Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Dish  for  grinding  chillies.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.     244410 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bull  roarer.     Mambulu  River,  Southwest  Borneo.     254215.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Twohead  drum.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244521.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum.    Dyaks  of  Mambulu  River,  S.  W.  Borneo.     254173.     Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Jewsharp  case.     Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.     244530.     Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Jewsharp.     Sempang  River,  Borneo.     249229.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Jewsharp.    Bayu,  West  Borneo.    249228.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Bird  call  of  bamboo.    Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    247773.    Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Flute  of  bamboo.    Sempang  River,  Borneo.    249224.    Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Flute  of  bamboo.    Mambulu  River,  Borneo.    254213.    Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Flute  of  bamboo.    Sempang  River,  Borneo.    249223.    Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum.    Mambulu  River,  Borneo.    254172.    Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Abbott. 

Drum.     Malays  of  Siak  River,  Sumatra.     247764.     Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Lute.    Dyaks  of  Landak  River,  West  Borneo.    244528.    Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Top.     Kendawangan  River,  Borneo.     254227.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Top.     Kendawangan  River,   Borneo.     254225.     Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  101 

Pigeon  call  of  bamboo.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  256711.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Pigeon  call  of  bamboo.  Pasir  River,  East  Borneo.  255836.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244524.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Bark  cloth  jacket.  Bayu,  West  Borneo.  249251.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Dish  for  making  relish.  Simalur  Island,  East  Indies.  216314. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Back  basket  of  palm  spathe.  Kapuas  River,  Borneo.  244527.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  cleaning  basket.  East  Sumatra.  247765.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  pestle.  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244447.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  mortar.  Dyaks  of  West  Borneo.  244440.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wooden  dish.  Dyaks  of  Bukang,  West  Borneo.  249209.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Palm  spathe  food  dish.  Nicobar  Islands.  211762.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Rice  planting  stick.  Mambulu  River,  Borneo.  254148.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Fish  basket.  Lower  Sakaiam  River,  Borneo.  244206.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

ARTS  OF  THE  NEW  GUINEA  TRIBES. — The  arts  of  the  New  Guinea 
tribes  show  few  resemblances  to  those  of  the  Dyaks  or  other  East 
Indians,  but  are  characteristic  of  the  dark-skinned  Papuans.  The 
specimens  are  examples  of  the  remarkable  work  of  the  tribes  of  North- 
west New  Guinea  in  carving  wooden  utensils  and  ornaments,  in 
weaving  baskets  with  the  most  intricate  "mad  weave,"  and  in  working 
shells,  beads,  feathers,  etc.,  into  complicated  personal  decorations. 
Especial  attention  is  called  to  the  mats  at  the  ends  of  the  case  which 
are  wonderful  specimens  of  design  and  unique  examples  of  insertion 
weaving. 

Carrying  basket.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283616. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mad  weave  basket.  Sorong,  N.  W.  New  Guinea.  283603.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mad  weave  basket.  Sorong,  N.  W.  New  Guinea.  283610.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


102  THt  EXHIBITS  Of   THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Checker  weave  basket.  Sorong,  N.  W.  New  Guinea.  283612.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carrying  basket.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283617.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mad  weave  basket.  Sorong,  N.  W.  New  Guinea.  283604.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mad  weave  basket.  Roon  Island,  Greelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea. 
283613.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Knit  bag.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283708.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Men's  betel  bag.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283702.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  belt  of  beads.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Breast  ornament.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283683.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  bag.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283701.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Dance  ornament  for  breast.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283732. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  breast  ornament.  Humboldt  Bay,  North  New  Guinea. 
283762.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  forehead  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283757. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  breast  and  neck  band.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283734. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Breast  amulet.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283835.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Neck  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283733.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Neck  amulet.  Humboldt  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  233838.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  neck  band.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283737.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Breast  ornament.  Humboldt  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283761. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  head  band.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283736.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  armlet.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283747.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Man's  armlet.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283748.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION 


103 


Man's  armlet.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283785.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Forehead  ornament.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283957.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  canoe  ornaments.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283847. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wood  carving  for  canoe  prow.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283865.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Forehead  ornament.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283957.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Breast  ornament.  Dorei  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283684.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Forehead  ornament.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283957.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  lime  gourd.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283959. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  lime  gourd.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283959. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  lime  gourd.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283959. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  lime  gourd.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283959. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Decorated  lime  gourd.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283803. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Canoe  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283879.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Canoe  prow  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283872.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Canoe  prow  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283866.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Canoe  stern  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283870.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Canoe  prow  ornament.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283879.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283856.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283848. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283860.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283858.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


104  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283864.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283861.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea. 
283855.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  image.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283857. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283968.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wooden  pillow.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283886.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283888.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283880.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283882.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum  to  call  the  sailing  wind.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea. 
283971.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283883.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Pillow.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283885.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Humboldt  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283887.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Headrest.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283881.  Collected  by 
Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Drum.  Wakde,  North  New  Guinea.  283869.  Collected  by  Dr. 
W.  L.  Abbott. 

Wooden  bowl.  Roon  Island,  Geelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283964. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  dish.  Roon  Island,  Geelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea. 
283961.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283929. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283921. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283923. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  wood  bowl.  Roon  Island,  Geelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea. 
283965.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  105 

Canoe  shape  dish.  Roon  Island,  Geelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea. 
283962.  Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283930.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283917.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Food  paddle.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283933.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Food  paddle.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283946. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Carved  paddle.  Roon  Island,  Greelvink  Bay,  New  Guinea.  283966. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sago  strainer.  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283657.  Col- 
lected by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sago  strainer.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283661.  Collected 
by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Sago  strainer.  Bosnik,  Van  Schouten  Island,  New  Guinea.  283658. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mat  of  insertion  weaving.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283670. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

Mat  of  insertion  weaving.  Dorei  Bay,  North  New  Guinea.  283671. 
Collected  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Abbott. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  EARLY  HAWAIIANS,  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 
— This  group  portrays  the  several  kinds  of  houses  formerly  built  by 
the  Hawaiians  and  the  chief  occupations  engaged  in  by  the  people. 
The  houses  from  the  left  are :  the  eating  house  for  young  men ;  the 
bower  or  open  porch,  often  attached  to  the  house;  the  chief's  house; 
the  house  of  the  chief's  wife;  the  house  where  the  women  eat;  and 
the  tabu  house  for  the  women.  In  the  front  row  are  the  temple,  the 
workshop,  and  a  fisherman's  shed.  The  occupations  shown  are  fishing, 
cooking,  wood  carving,  bark  cloth  making,  feasting,  etc.  To  the  right 
may  be  seen  a  fish  pond  and  an  irrigated  taro  patch ;  on  the  beach  are 
canoes,  and  scattered  among  the  houses  are  cocoanut  palms. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  NAVAHO  INDIANS,  NEW  MEXICO  AND 
ARIZONA. — The  Navaho  live  in  the  dry  uplands  of  Western  New 
Mexico  and  Northeastern  Arizona,  subsisting  principally  on  their  flocks 
of  sheep  from  the  wool  of  which  their  well  known  blankets  are  made. 
They  are  not  village  dwellers  and  rarely  more  than  a  few  houses  are 
seen  together.  The  framework  of  the  house  consists  of  three  timbers 
lopped  off  to  form  forks  at  the  top.  These  timbers  are  inclined  and 
the  forks  interlocked  and  against  them  are  laid  other  lesser  timbers, 
branches,  brush,  etc.,  and  covered  with  earth.  The  entrance  is  through 


106  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

a  rude  covered  way  or  vestibule.  The  smoke  hole  is  in  the  apex  of 
the  house.  The  group  shows  two  winter  hogans  or  houses,  a  summer 
hut,  a  sweat  house  and  a  dance  house. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  JAMAMADI  INDIANS,  WESTERN  BRAZIL. — 
The  Jamamadi  live  on  the  upper  Purus  River  in  Western  Brazil.  Their 
houses,  which  contain  many  families,  are  sometimes  130  feet  in  diameter 
and  70  feet  high,  and  consist  of  an  elaborate  framework  thatched  with 
palm  leaf.  There  are  also  small  shelters  with  floors  raised  from  the 
ground  for  special  uses  in  preparing  food,  or  as  poorer  dwellings. 
These  houses  are  always  built  near  the  banks  of  navigable  streams. 
Canoes  are  made  by  folding  up  at  the  end  strips  of  bark  taken  from  a 
large  tree.  The  principal  subsistence  is  cassava  and  maize.  The  cas- 
sava roots  are  grated  on  a  board  set  with  sharp  pieces  of  stone,  the 
poisonous  juice  pressed  out  in  a  tubular  basket,  and  the  starchy  residue 
ground  into  flour.  Basket  making,  wood  carving,  and  other  minor  arts 
are  similar  to  those  of  tropical  South  America. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS,  LAKE  SUPERIOR 
REGION. — The  Chippewa  live  in  the  northern  United  States  and  Canada 
in  a  heavily  forested  region  which  has  had  marked  influence  on  their 
material  culture.  Their  houses  are  made  of  bent  poles  covered  with 
birch  bark  and  mats  of  rushes.  The  houses  contain  sometimes  several 
families,  each  having  its  own  fireplace,  the  smoke  issuing  through  an 
opening  in  the  roof.  Canoes  are  made  of  birch  bark  and  both  men  and 
women  are  expert  in  managing  them.  They  subsist  on  wild  rice,  game 
and  fish.  They  tan  excellent  buckskin  which  formerly  was  used  by 
them  for  clothing.  They  make  also  much  maple  sugar. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  IROQUOIS  INDIANS,  NORTHERN  NEW 
YORK. — This  model  represents  a  stockaded  village  of  the  Iroquois  Con- 
federacy during  the  aboriginal  period.  Two  "long  houses,"  communal 
structures  in  which  several  families  lived,  are  located  near  a  spring  on 
the  shore  of  a  lake,  and  the  people  are  engaged  at  their  customary 
occupations,  such  as  house  building,  mealing,  pottery  making,  and  the 
like.  The  pits  covered  with  bark  slabs  near  the  houses  are  storage 
receptacles  for  food,  which  were  in  charge  of  the  women.  One  of  the 
smaller  triangular  houses  is  a  guest  house  for  the  reception  of  envoys 
and  the  other  is  a  shelter  for  a  single  family.  The  corn  field  is  near 
the  village  and  is  surrounded  with  a  fence  for  protection  against  wild 
animals,  but  sometimes  the  fields  were  enclosed  by  the  general  stockade. 
The  legend  in  Iroquois  on  the  frame  is :  "Great  commonwealth : 
Peace — justice — power,"  the-  motto  of  the  Confederacy. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  SEMINOLE  INDIANS,  FLORIDA. — The  Semi- 
nole  are  made  up  of  remnants  of  the  Creek  and  other  southern  tribes 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  107 

formerly  forced  into  the  Everglades.  They  live  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
Their  houses,  erected  on  the  hammocks  or  elevated  meadows,  are  open 
sheds  roofed  with  palm  leaf.  Several  of  these  houses  may  occupy  a 
hammock.  In  the  center  of  the  group  is  the  house  where  all  the  cooking 
is  done  and  the  fire-bed  is  made  at  the  joined  ends  of  logs  which  are 
shoved  in  when  needed.  The  Seminoles  manufacture  flour  from  koonti 
root  somewhat  as  cassava  is  prepared  in  South  America.  The  dugout 
canoe  is  generally  used  and  the  Seminole  is  an  expert  boatman  and 
hunter. 

DWELLING  GROUP  OF  THE  AINO,  ISLAND  OF  YEZO,  JAPAN. — The 
Aino  are  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Yezo,  and  are  the  remnant  of  a 
former  extensive  population  of  this  and  other  neighboring  islands. 
They  are  noted  for  their  hairiness  and  are  classed  by  some  with  the 
Aryan  race.  Their  houses  are  a  thatched  framework,  one  portion  of 
the  structure  corresponding  to  doorway  or  antechamber  of  northern 
houses.  Storehouses  are  set  on  posts  after  the  manner  of  the  Eskimo 
storehouse.  In  the  group  are  shown  the  bear  cage  and  the  sacred 
hedge  on  which  are  placed  the  skulls  of  bears  sacrificed  as  offerings  to 
the  gods.  The  Aino  weave  cloth  of  elm  bark,  carve  wood,  and  make 
mats  the  ornamentation  of  which  is  characteristic.  The  group  shows 
a  mat  weaver,  two  old  men  whittling  prayer  sticks  and  a  group  sacri- 
ficing a  bear. 

Photographic  Enlargements. 

Group  of  Point  Hope  Eskimo,  Alaska. 
Tlinkit  canoe  and  natives. 

Interior  of  Haida  Indian  communal  house,  Ft.  Rupert,  B.  C. 
Condah  nah  ha,  a  Chilkat  chief,  Sitka. 

Klinkuan  Indian  grave,  Klinkuan  village,  Southeastern  Alaska. 
Haida  Indian  canoe,  Alaska. 
Tlinkit  graves,  Icy  Straits. 
Old  Klinkuan  village,  Southeastern  Alaska. 
Native  houses  of  Guam,  Marianne  Islands. 

Chilkat  graves  and  Kluckuan  village  houses,  Southeastern  Alaska. 
Grass  hut;  wild  tobacco  and  taro  in  the  foreground.    Hilo  district, 
Hawaii. 

Grass  houses  of  the  Kanakas,  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Houses  of  the  Samoans,  Apia,  Samoa. 

Canoe  fitted  with  outrigger,  Waiakea  River,  Hilo,  Hawaii. 

Kanaka  pounding  poi,  Hawaii. 

Making  fire  with  two  sticks  by  friction,  Hawaii. 

Native  canoes :    cocoanut  and  lauhalla  trees.    Puna  district,  Hawaii. 


108  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Houses  of  the  Samoans,  Apia,  Samoa. 

Kanaka  spearing  fish,  Hilo  Bay,  Hawaii. 

Kanaka  spearing  fish.    Hilo,  Hawaii. 

Girl  with  leis  around  her  neck,  Hawaii. 

Group  of  Eskimo  in  front  of  storehouse,  Nushagak  Bay,  Alaska. 

Tlinkit  Indian  girls,  Sitka. 

Tlinkit  Indian  girls,  Sitka. 

Eskimo  house  made  of  whale  bones  and  driftwood.  To  the  left  a 
rack  with  drying  salmon.  Karluk,  Alaska. 

Native  houses  along  a  street.    Agana,  Island  of  Guam. 

Sod  house  and  storehouse  of  the  Eskimo,  Naneek  River,  Alaska. 

McCloud  River  Indian  spearing  salmon,  Baird,  California. 

Chilkat  Indians  berry  gathering,  Sitka. 

Hula  girl  dressed  for  dance,  Hawaii. 

Man  playing  the  nose  flute,  Hawaii. 

Kloochy,  McCloud  River,  Indian  chief  in  war  costume,  Baird,  Cali- 
fornia. 

Bamboo  house,  rude  cart  and  group  of  natives  of  Guam,  Marianne 
Islands. 

Graveyard  of  the  Haida  Indians,  Alert  Bay,  British  Columbia. 

Lithographs  of  Catlin's  North  American  Indian  Collection, 

Representing  Scenery,  Dances  and  Portraits 

from  the  West,  in  the  jo's. 

The  ball  play  dance,  Chocktaw— "Around  the  Stake."     No.  22. 

Hunters  stalking  buffalo.    No.  11. 

Indians  attacking  grizzly  bears.    No.  10. 

Dying  buffalo.    No.  17. 

Group  of  Ojibwas.    No.  28. 

Indian  war  dance.    No.  30. 

Hunting  buffalo  on  snowshoes.     No.  15. 

Indian  hunting  buffalo.    No.  6. 

White  wolves  attacking  an  old  buffalo.     No.  8. 

Wild  horses  at  play.    No.  3. 

Pursued  by  a  buffalo.     No.  12. 

Indians  hunting  buffalo.    No.  7. 

Archery  contest  among  the  Mandans.    No.  24. 

Indians  shooting  buffalo.     No.  5. 

Indians  surrounding  buffalo.    No.  9. 

Indian  ball  players,  Chocktaw.    "Ball  up."    No.  23. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL  EXPOSITION  109 

Lithographs  from  Crayon. 

Joc-o-sot,  the  Waling  Bear,  Sauk  chief.     No.  26. 

Buffalo  bull.    No.  2. 

Indians  hunting  buffalo.     No.  29. 

Indians  disguised  as  wolves  hunting  buffalo.     No.  13. 

Indian  ball  players.    No.  21. 

Indians  hunting  antelope.    No.  20. 

Catching  the  wild  horse.     No.  4. 

Wounded  buffalo.    No.  16. 

Group  of  Algonquins  and  Iroquois.    No.  1. 

Indian  scalp  dance.     No.  31. 

Lithographs  Tinted  in  Water  Color  by  George  Catlin 
Representing  Indian  Scenes  in  the  West,  in  the  30' s. 

Buffalo  hunt :    Approaching  in  a  ravine. 

North  American  Indians. 

Buffalo  hunt ;  under  the  white  wolf  skin. 

Ball  play. 

Antelope  shooting. 

Catching  a  wild  horse. 

Buffalo  hunt;  on  snow  shoes. 

Buffalo  hunt:  "The  Surround." 

Attacking  the  grizzly  bear. 

The  bear  dance. 

Buffalo  bull  grazing. 

Buffalo  hunt,  "The  Chase." 

Wild  horses  at  play. 

Dying  "Buffalo  Bull  on  Snowdrift." 

Buffalo  hunt.    White  wolves  attacking  a  buffalo  bull. 

Ball  play  dance. 

The  snowshoe  dance. 

Titles  of  Lantern  Slides. 

Pima  village  group,  Arizona. 
California  village  group. 
Pawnee  village  group,  Oklahoma. 
Wichita  village  group,  Oklahoma. 
Tehuelche  village  group,  Patagonia. 
Haida  village  group,  British  Columbia. 
Central  Eskimo  village  group,  Canada. 
Western  village  group,  Alaska. 


110  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Montagnais  village  group,  Canada. 

Iroquois  village  group,  New  York. 

Hawaiian  village  group,  Hawaii. 

Chilkat  family  group,  Alaska. 

Cocopa  family  group,  Arizona. 

Smith  Sound  Eskimo  family  group,  Canada. 

Filipino  weaver  group,  Philippines. 

Hopi  snake  dance  group,  Arizona. 

Igorot  family  group,  Luzon,  Philippines. 

Sioux  Indian  family  group,  Dakota. 

Virginia  Indian  family  group,  Virginia. 

Hupa  family  group,  California. 

Negrito  family  group,  Luzon,  Philippines. 

Samoan  family  group,  Samoa. 

Views  in  Halls  of  Ethnology. 

Views  in  Halls  of  Ethnology. 

Views  in  Halls  of  Ethnology. 

Western  Eskimo  family  group. 

Tehuelche  family  group. 

New  National  Museum  Building. 

Southeast  view. 

South  view. 

Zufii  family  group,  New  Mexico. 
Swiss  lake  dwellings. 
Statute  of  a  Mayan  goddess,  Guatemala. 
Statute  of  an  Aztec  earth  goddess,  Mexico. 
Casa  Grande  ruin,  Arizona. 
Casa  Grande  ruin,  Arizona. 
Casa  Grande  ruin,  Arizona. 

Ruin  of  Wejeji  Pueblo,  Chaco  Canyon,  Colorado. 
Sioux  village  group,  Dakota. 
Round  tower  ruin,  Colorado. 
"Palace"  at  Mitla,  Mexico. 
Cliff  village,  Canyon  de  Chelly,  Arizona. 
Hopi  village  of  Walpi,  Arizona. 
Model  of  cliff  dwelling. 
"The  Castillo,"  Yucatan. 
House  of  the  governor,  Yucatan. 
Cliff  dwelling  village  group. 
Carib  family  group,  British  Guiana. 
Hopi  family  group,  Arizona. 
Arrow  makers  group,  District  of  Columbia. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  111 

Zulu  family  group,  South  Africa. 
Dyak  family  group,  Borneo. 

HISTORY   OF   FIRE   MAKING  AND   ILLUMINATION. 

At  some  early  period  man  had  a  knowledge  of  fire  in  nature,  derived 
from  the  volcano,  from  lightning,  or  from  the  friction  of  branches  in 
the  wind,  but  he  made  no  more  use  of  it  than  did  the  animals. 

At  a  later  period  he  began  to  use  fire  from  some  one  of  these 
sources,  .carefully  preserving  it.  Later,  he  discovered  that  by  rubbing 
two  sticks  together  fire  could  be  produced  at  will,  and  by  knocking 
together  pieces  of  flint  and  pyrites,  sparks  capable  of  igniting  tinder 
could  be  had.  In  the  Iron  Age  this  became  the  familiar  flint  and  steel, 
which  gave  way,  after  a  number  of  chemical  inventions,  to  matches. 
The  use  of  fire  also  marks  the  beginning  of  artificial  illumination,  which 
has  developed  along  the  lines  of  the  torch  and  the  lamp.  The  begin- 
nings of  metallurgy,  ceramics,  and  other  arts  that  have  reached  a  high 
degree  of  development  in  this  century  are  found  in  this  first  use  of  fire. 

The  specimens  here  exhibited  show  the  implements  used  in  making 
fire  through  friction  of  wood,  percussion  of  minerals,  compression  of 
air,  focusing  of  the  sun's  rays,  through  chemistry,  and  terminating 
with  the  electric  lighter. 

The  series  is  preceded  by  three  drawings,  the  first  two  illustrating 
presumptive  sources  in  nature,  from  which  man  may  have  obtained  fire 
before  he  knew  the  manner  of  kindling  it  artificially.  The  third  picture 
illustrates  the  primitive  camp  fire  and  the  conveying  of  fire  from  one 
camp  to  another. 

The  steps  of  man's  acquaintance  with  fire  are  three — the  knowledge 
of  fire,  the  means  of  utilizing  it,  and  the  means  of  preserving  it.  The 
last  step,  which  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  man's  history,  is  illus- 
trated fully  in  the  series. 

Improvements  in  the  method  of  producing  fire  have  followed  the 
great  steps  of  man's  progress,  and,  besides,  each  method  has  been  sub- 
ject to  various  modifications  by  different  peoples.  To  illustrate,  the 
simple  method  of  rubbing  out  fire  from  two  sticks  with  the  hands  has 
been  improved  by  adding  the  bow  and  socket,  and  the  weighted  stick, 
as  in  the  pump  drill;  and,  finally,  the  machine  with  cog  wheels  and 
crank,  employed  in  the  Soudan. 

Specimens. 

1.  Volcano  in  action;  lava  setting  fire  to  forests.     Water  color 
drawing.    178157. 

2.  Lightning  setting  a  forest  on  fire.  Water  color  drawing.  178158. 


112  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

3.  Transferring  fire  from  camp  to  camp.    Water  color  drawing. 

4.  Fire  saw.     Strip  of  bamboo  drawn  across  a  section  of  bamboo. 
Dyaks  of  Borneo.    178152. 

5.  Fire  saw.    Thong  of  rattan  drawn  to  and  fro  under  a  channeled 
stick.     Dyaks  of  Borneo. 

6.  Fire  plow.    Burnt  stick  worked  along  a  groove  in  a  lower  stick. 
Polynesians.    178152. 

7.  Fire  drill.     Slender  rod  twisted  between  the  hands,  the  end 
resting  in  a  lower  stick  which  has  a  cavity,  with  slot  for  the  escape 
of  the  sparks.    Hopi  of  Arizona.     176353. 

8.  Fire  drill.     Rod  held  in  a  socket  and  gyrated  by  means  of  a 
cord.     The  lower  piece  has  a  cavity  with  a  slot,  opening  on  a  shelf. 
Eskimo,  Alaska.     127644. 

9.  Fire  drill.     Rod  held  in  a  socket  and  gyrated  with  a  bow  and 
cord.     Lower  piece  with  cavities  on  a  central  groove.     Eskimo  of 
Alaska.    48078. 

10.  Fire  drill.     Rod  furnished  with  a  whorl,  cord  and  crossbar 
worked  by  pumping  on  a  notched  strip  of  wood.     Iroquois  of  New 
York.    150463. 

11.  Strike-a-light.     Flint  and  iron  pyrites,  struck  together  as  the 
ordinary  flint  and  steel.    Eskimo  of  Alaska.     178154. 

12.  Strike-a-light.     Flint  and  steel  and  box  for  holding  flint,  steel 
and  tinder.     Sulphur-tipped  splint  ignited  from  the  tinder.     England. 
130436. 

13.  Strike-a-light.     Bamboo  joint  to  which  boxes  for  tinder  are 
attached.    A  bit  of  china  with  tinder  held  in  the  fingers  is  struck  on  the 
bamboo  to  get  a  spark.    Malays  of  Balaback.    232282. 

14.  Tinder  pistol.     Gun  lock  adapted  for  throwing  sparks  into 
tinder.    England.     175712. 

15.  Strike-a-light.     Combination  of  flint,  steel  and  tinder  and  ex- 
tinguisher.    For  carrying  in  the  pocket.     Spain.     178355. 

16.  Fire  piston.    Cylinder  with  closely  fitted  piston  bearing  tinder. 
Driving  the  piston  down  smartly  kindles  the  tinder.     Siamese  and 
Malay  tribes.    176091. 

17.  Lens.     Used  for  producing  fire  by  focusing  sunlight  upon 
tinder.    Method  of  Ancient  Greeks.    178151. 

18.  Hydrogen  lamp.     Hydrogen  gas  derived  from  zinc  and  acid 
is  made  to  play  upon  spongy  platinum,  causing  it  to  glow.     Germany, 
1824.    165440. 

19.  Match  light  box.     Bottle  of  sulphuric  acid  into  which  splints 
tipped  with  chlorate  of  potash  and  sugar  are  dipped.     Vienna,  1809. 
151711. 


PANAMA- PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  113 

20.  Matches.     Various  kinds  of  phosphorous  matches.     178156. 

21.  Electric  gas  lighter.     Cylinder  containing  a  small  dynamo  run 
by  pressure  of  the  finger  producing  sparks  between  the  points  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  tube.    United  States,  1882.    200512. 

HISTORY    OF   THE   JACKKNIFE. 

Among  industrial  tools  of  general  use,  there  is  a  class  for  cutting, 
commonly  called  "edge  tools."  These  vary  in  structure,  manner  of 
working,  and  results,  and  have  received  different  names,  such  as  knives, 
chisels,  axes,  and  so  on. 

The  jackknife  is  a  tool  for  whittling,  for  making  chips  or  shavings 
in  wood  and  like  substances,  and  always  works  by  pressure,  never  by  a 
blow.  The  first  jackknives  were  spalls  of  siliceous  stone,  little  modified 
from  natural  forms,  having  one  portion,  the  working  part,  sharp,  the 
other  portion,  or  manual  part,  after  a  fashion,  fitting  the  hand.  The 
elaboration  of  the  jackknife  consists  in  the  development  of  the  blade, 
the  handle  and  the  connective  devices  between  them.  The  series  ends 
with  complicated  forms  for  general  use,  and  differentiated  forms  in 
endless  variety  for  special  crafts.  In  the  mechanical  stage  of  industry 
the  functions  of  the  jackknife  are  performed  with  great  celerity  in 
planing  mills.  The  plane  itself  is  a  jackknife  working  with  a  gauge. 
The  objects  exhibited  in  this  series  are  suggestive  of  steps  in  the 
elaboration  of  the  jackknife. 

Specimens. 

1.  Knives  consisting  of  spalls  of  stone  slightly  modified.     140681, 
173563. 

2.  Knives  consisting  of  spalls.    30504,  149581,  148131. 

3.  Knives  consisting  of  long  flakes   specially   selected.     419866, 
9359,  100257,  181866. 

4.  Knives  from  long  flakes  chipped  on  the  edge.     159415,  8998, 
173566,  99547. 

5.  Symmetrically  chipped  blades,  the  grips  formed  by  wrapping 
one  end  with  fur.    98813,  26230. 

6.  Chipped  blades,  with  tang  for  attaching  to  end  of  the  handle. 
17319,  14329,  63769. 

7.  Chipped  or  ground  blades  with  tang  for  side  hafting.     48826, 
136991,  62999. 

8.  Bamboo  and  bamboo  reed  knife.     West  Borneo  and  Gaboon 
River,  Africa.    249048,  164484. 

9.  Bone  and  ivory  knives.     Eskimo  of   Norton  Sound,  Alaska. 
260119,  32385. 


114  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

10.  Beaver  tooth  and  shell  knife.     Eskimo  and  Indian,  Alaska. 
36366,  168352. 

11.  Copper  and  bronze  blades;  handle  and  blade  in  one  piece. 
101223,  101405. 

12.  Metal  blades,  with  tangs  to  be  driven  into  the  ends  of  handles. 
101204. 

13.  Metal   blades,    with   sockets    for   handles.      147420,    147421, 
147422. 

14.  Metal  blades,  with  flat  tangs  for  rivets.     101338,  45948. 

15.  Hinged   metal  blade   closing  in   the   handle   without   spring. 
130324,  168804. 

16.  Hinged  blade,  closing  in  the  handle  with  a  spring.     54340. 

17.  Farrier's  jackknife,  with  hinges  and  springs,  showing  a  variety 
of  blades. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  SAW. 

The  saw  is  a  tool  for  severing  materials  by  abrasion  and  cutting. 
The  most  primitive  form  of  the  saw  is  a  siliceous  stone  having  a  ragged 
edge.  Such  an  implement  would  be  of  great  service  to  the  savage  in 
his  working  in  wood,  bone,  horn,  antler,  ivory,  and  stone.  The  series 
passes  through  forms  in  stone,  in  sand  cutting,  and  in  metal,  and  finds 
its  climax  in  the  saw  with  composite  edge,  in  the  sawmill,  and  in  the 
refinement  and  specialization  of  the  working  part  of  the  implement 
for  various  kinds  of  cutting.  The  prehistoric  peoples  of  Europe  as 
well  as  of  America  used  stone  saws  for  wood  and  bone.  They  were 
chipped  flints,  resembling  knife  blades,  three  or  more  inches  long  and 
serrated  on  one  edge.  As  the  objects  cut  did  not  exceed  an  inch  or  two 
in  diameter  these  were  ample  for  their  needs.  The  Eskimo  made  their 
harpoon  heads  of  hard  serpentine  and  pectolite,  and  by  means  of  sand 
and  slate  were  able  to  sever  blocks  eight  inches  wide  and  two  inches 
thick.  The  discovery  of  copper  greatly  added  to  the  effectiveness  of 
the  implement,  this  metal  being  an  excellent  carrier  of  sand.  The  use 
of  steel  and  of  diamond  edges  and  the  perfecting  of  the  teeth  bring  the 
saw  to  its  latest  effective  forms. 

Specimens. 

1.  Fragment  of  flinty  stone,  slightly  sharpened  at  one  end  to  form 
a  point.    100591. 

2.  Flakes  especially  made   for  saws,   chipped.     100471,   140257, 
173568. 

3.  Spearheads,    specially    modified    for    saws.      171454,    171423, 
171532. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  115 

4.  Flint  saws,  one  edge  specially  chipped,  the  other  curved  to  fit 
in  a  handle. 

5.  Sand  saw;  cutting  done  by  means  of  wet  or  dry  sand  carried 
by  wood  or  soft  stone.     13120. 

6.  Saw  of  soft  metal  to  carry  emery,  corundum  or  hard  cutting 
materials.    55945. 

7.  Steel  saw  blade  with  irregular  teeth ;  handle  variously  attached. 
2318. 

8.  Steel  saw,  serrate  teeth,  with  or  without  backing.     120501. 

9.  Steel  saw  with  serrate  teeth;  set.     128154. 

10.  Japanese  saw,  straight  handle  and  reversed  teeth.     128151. 

11.  Modern  panel  saw  of  steel,  skew  back,  handle  of  wood  to  fit 
the  hand;  teeth  set.     Gift  of  Henry  Disston  and  Sons. 

12.  Crosscut  saw  for  one  man,  with  separate  handles  for  each 
hand;  teeth  dentate,  not  set  (model).    Gift  of  Henry  Disston  and  Sons 

13.  Crosscut  saw   for  two  men,   teeth  dentate;  back  and  front 
curved  outward  (model).     Gift  of  Henry  Disston  &  Sons. 

14.  Circular  saw  and  band  saw ;  both  have  serrate  teeth,  and  are 
designed  to  have  continuous  motion,  the  one  revolving  on  an  axle,  the 
other  working  over  two  drums.    Gift  of  Henry  Disston  &  Sons. 

HISTORY   OF  WEAVING. 

The  textile  art  embraces  all  work  in  fibres,  whether  they  be  vegetal, 
animal,  or  mineral.  It  includes  the  processes  of  procuring  the  fibre  from 
nature,  the  cleaning  and  hackling  of  material,  the  spinning  of  yarn,  the 
twisting  of  thread,  twine,  or  rope,  as  well  as  weaving,  netting,  knitting, 
lace  making,  and  embroidery.  Each  one  of  these  several  processes  has 
had  a  development  from  some  natural  process,  such  as  the  lacing  of 
fibre,  the  twining  of  vines  or  the  web  making  of  spiders.  The  apparatus 
at  first  was  of  the  most  simple  character  cooperating  with  human 
fingers ;  but  in  the  unfolding  of  the  art,  the  powers  of  nature  and 
machinery  have  been  called  more  and  more  into  play.  The  latest  auto- 
matic looms  are  marvelous  expressions  of  the  human  mind  speaking 
through  mechanical  devices. 

THE    SPINDLE. 

A  spindle  is  a  device  for  twisting  fibre.  Human  fingers  formed  the 
first  spindle,  and  there  are  now  tribes  living  in  British  Columbia,  Alaska, 
and  other  parts  of  the  world  where  excellent  yarn  and  thread  are 
produced  with  no  instrument  whatever.  The  class  of  implements  called 
spindles  begins  with  a  simple,  pointed  rod,  which  acts  also  as  a  bobbin. 


116  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

It  is  the  first  device  for  converting  rectilinear  into  continuous  circular 
motion.  The  stick  is  rolled  on  the  thigh  with  the  palm  of  the  hand,  and 
the  twisted  fibre  is  then  wound  upon  this  simple  shaft.  There  were 
added  the  spindle , whorl,  the  hook  at  the  top  of  the  spindle  to  enable  the 
operator  to  walk  about,  and  the  fixed  bearings  by  which  the  apparatus 
becomes  a  machine.  The  band  wheel  and  other  devices  for  multiplying 
motion  led  through  the  large  wheel  and  the  small,  or  Saxon  wheel,  to 
machine  spinning. 

Specimens. 

1.  Simple   form  of  spindle.     A  wooden  peg  on  which   yarn  or 
thread  is  wound. 

2.  Silk  winder.     Forked  bamboo  rod,  spread  for  holding  wound 
silk  filament.    China. 

3.  Spindle  with  whorl,  shaft,  of  hardwood;  whorl  of  bone;  for 
winding  coarse  cedar  bark.     British  Columbia.     20640. 

4.  Central  American  spindle.    Shaft  of  palm  wood ;  whorl,  a  hard 
seed.     For  spinning  cotton  yarn.    7490. 

5.  Peruvian  spindle,  for  fine  staple.     The  thread  is  looped  over 
the  top  of  the  shaft  when  the  spinner  walks  along.    7492,  17510. 

6.  Tibetan  spindle.     Shaft,  a  twig  of  cherry,  with  hook  atop; 
whorl,  a  yak  bone.    The  hook  on  the  spindle  shaft  enables  the  spinner 
to  walk  about.    167248. 

7.  Tibetan  spindle.     Shaft,  a  twig  with  notch  and  groove  on  the 
top;  whorl,  of  clay,  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.     The  spinner  walks 
about.    167247. 

8.  Primitive  spinning  whorl.    Spindle  whorls  of  various  materials 
and  forms.    Lake  dwellers,  Switzerland,  Mexican  and  French.    155598, 
195572,  100642. 

9.  Shaft   set   in   bearings;  whorl,   enlarged   for  fly-wheel.     The 
beginning  of  machine  spindles.    Finland.    10. 

10.  Bobbin  winder  in  which  the  spindle  is  driven  by  a  primitive 
fly  wheel.     China.    7694. 

11.  Model  of  large  spinning  wheel  for  cotton  and  wool.    Simplest 
form,  without  speed  pulley. 

12.  Spindle  of  small,  or  Saxon  spinning  wheel,  with  different  sized 
pulley  to  regulate  speed.    The  Saxon  wheel  works  with  treadle. 

13.  Spindle  used  most  generally  in  cotton  spinning  machines  in  the 
United  States.    Gift  of  George  Draper  &  Sons. 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  117 

THE    SHUTTLE. 

The  shuttle  is  a  device  for  passing  weft  filaments  between  warp 
filaments.  This  process  was  first  performed  by  the  human  fingers  in 
plaiting,  as  in  the  mat  making  of  the  Polynesians,  Africans,  and  Ameri- 
can Indians.  The  simplest  shuttle  is  a  rod  on  which  the  weft  is  wound. 
Improvements  in  the  shuttle  consist  of  devices  for  guiding  the  apparatus 
more  quickly  and  smoothly  between  the  warp  filaments,  and  end  in  the 
modern  machine  shuttle,  which  is  automatically  driven  (with  incredible 
rapidity)  backward  and  forward  between  the  "sheds"  of  the  warp. 
The  objects  presented  in  this  series  are  suggestive  of  the  salient  fea- 
tures in  the  line  of  progress.  The  Pueblo  Indians  use  a  rod  of  wood, 
and  wrap  yarn  upon  it  somwhat  as  children  wind  a  kite  string.  A  twig 
with  a  notch  at  each  end,  a  slat  with  closed  points,  as  in  netting  needles, 
and  a  hollow  stick  pointed  and  furnished  with  the  rudest  sort  of  bobbin, 
have  been  used  by  different  peoples  in  the  hand  epoch  of  culture.  With 
the  domestication  of  the  physical  powers  and  the  improvement  of  the 
loom,  the  shuttle  became  more  and  more  effective. 

Specimens. 

1.  Stick  with  winding  of  thread.    Angola,  Africa.     151738. 

2.  Wooden  rod  with  weft  wound  diagonally  about  it. 

3.  Shuttle  of  antler,  pronged  at  each  end.     Eskimo  of  Norton 
Sound.    33266. 

4.  Rag  carpet  shuttle.    A  block  of  wood  notched  roughly  at  each 
end  and  used  in  the  domestic  handloom  for  weaving  carpet  of  rags, 
coarse  jute,  cotton,  and  other  materials. 

5.  Japanese  shuttle.    Pronged  at  one  end,  closed  at  the  other,  with 
spindle  in  the  opening.    19408. 

6.  Eskimo  shuttle.     Prongs  at  either  end  approaching  each  other 
and  pointed.     163781. 

7.  Hupa  shuttle.     Slender  shaft,  prongs  at  the  ends  approaching 
like  the  beak  of  a  bird.    California.     131151. 

8.  Shuttle  with  flexible  bobbin  sprung  in  by  bending.     Africa. 
4960. 

9.  Hand  loom  shuttle.    Body  toggle-shaped ;  bobbin,  a  hollow  seed 
working  on  a  splint  of  hard  wood.    7688. 

10.  Early  machine  shuttle.     Of  several  pieces  of  wood  and  iron 
pointed;  open  on  both  faces;  bobbin,  a  strip  of  bamboo  running  on  a 
splint  of  wood.     153172. 

11.  Modern  shuttle.     Right-hand  shuttle,  bobbin  fixed,  improved 
eye  and  apparatus  for  regulating  tension.     Gift  of  George  Draper  & 
Sons. 


118  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

12.  Modern  shuttle.    Left-hand  shuttle,  with  steel  bobbin  or  "cup 
skewer."     Used  extensively  in  plain  cotton  weaving.     Gift  of  George 
Draper  &  Sons. 

13.  Modern  power  loom  shuttle  for  silk  weaving.    Lyons,  France. 

14.  Modern  power  loom  shuttle  with  two  bobbins  used  in  silk 
weaving.    Lyons,  France. 

15.  Modern  power  loom  shuttle,   straight.     Gift  of   Schaum  & 
Uhlinger.    178376. 

16.  Modern  power  loom  and  shuttle,  curved.     Gift  of  Schaum  & 
Uhlinger.    178375. 

GROUP  OF  ELK  (CERVUS  CANADENSIS)  FROM  THE 
YELLOWSTONE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

COLLECTED  AND  MOUNTED  BY  JAMES  L.  CLARK 

The  elk  in  this  group  represents  the  common  elk  of  the  Rocky 
mountain  region.  The  specimens  were  collected  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  from  one  of  the  great  herds  under  Government  pro- 
tection. 

This  animal  is  now  confined  chiefly  to  the  States  of  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Minnesota,  and  the  provinces  of  Manitoba, 
Alberta,  and  Saskatchewan,  in  Canada. 

The  elk  of  the  Yellowstone  region,  where  the  largest  herds  occur, 
now  number  about  50,000  or  55,000,  in  two  main  herds.  During  the 
summer,  these  herds  range  near  the  summit  of  the  Continental  Divide, 
in  the  Park,  and  in  the  mountains  of  Wyoming,  immediately  south. 
In  winter,  the  northern  herd,  numbering  from  30,000  to  35,000, 
descends  to  lower  altitudes  in  the  Lamar  Valley  and  near  the  northern 
entrance  of  the  Park.  The  southern  herd,  numbering  from  18,000 
to  20,000,  moves  down  into  Jackson  Hole  and  the  surrounding  foothills. 

On  account  of  the  occupation  of  their  former  winter  range  by  farms 
and  settlements,  the  elk  herds  are  forced  down  from  the  mountains 
to  find  sufficient  food,  and  in  severe  winters  large  numbers  have  starved 
to  death.  Since  1909,  these  losses  in  Jackson  Hole  have  been  averted 
by  winter  feeding  under  the  direction  of  the  Biological  Survey  and  the 
State  of  Wyoming.  Congress  has  recently  appropriated  $50,000  for 
the  purchase  of  an  elk  refuge  where  sufficient  hay  can  be  raised  each 
year  for  feeding  the  herds  during  the  winter.  This  refuge,  comprising 
about  2,000  acres,  is  located  in  Jackson  Hole,  Wyoming,  two  miles 
north  of  the  town  of  Jackson. 

Elk  are  polygamous,  easily  domesticated,  and  breed  readily  in 
captivity.  The  wild  herds  in  Montana  and  Wyoming  bring  in  large 


PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAL   EXPOSITION  119 

returns  to  these  States.  These  returns  are  in  the  form  of  hunting 
licenses,  guides'  fees,  and  money  spent  by  tourists  and  sportsmen.  In 
Montana,  a  resident  license,  premitting  the  killing  of  one  elk,  costs 
$1.00,  and  a  non-resident  license  $25.00.  In  Wyoming,  a  resident 
license,  permitting  the  killing  of  two  elk,  costs  $2.50;  one  additional 
elk,  $15.00;  and  a  non-resident  license,  $50.00. 

During  the  last  three  years,  experiments  have  been  made  in  trans- 
ferring small  herds  of  elk  from  the  Yellowstone  Park  and  Jackson 
Hole  to  other  localities  for  the  purpose  of  restocking  Government  and 
State  reservations.  About  1,300  elk  have  been  transferred  to  thirteen 
different  States. 

Many  elk  are  now  in  captivity  in  private  ownership,  and  a  census 
of  such  elk  is  made  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  each  year.  In 
1914,  there  were  about  2,150  elk  in  captivity  in  about  125  different 
places  in  the  United  States.  The  total  number  of  elk  in  the  United 
States,  wild  and  in  captivity,  is  estimated  at  about  75,000. 

In  Palace  of  Agriculture. 

HISTORICAL    NOTE. 

By  Act  of  Congress,  June  23,  1913  (H.  R.  2441,  Pub.  3),  $500,000 
was  appropriated  to  prepare  the  exhibits  of  "such  articles  and  materials 
as  illustrate  the  function  and  administrative  faculty  of  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  tending  to  demonstrate  the  nature  and  growth  of 
our  institutions,  their  adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  people  and  the 
progress  of  the  Nation  in  the  arts  of  peace  and  war."  A  Government 
Exhibit  Board  was  also  constituted  as  follows: — Adolph  C.  Miller, 
Chairman;  S.  W.  Stratton  and  F.  Lamson-Scribner.  There  were  ap- 
pointed W.  de  C.  Ravenel,  Secretary;  J.  C.  Boykin,  Assistant  to  the 
Chairman ;  T.  J.  Taylor,  Disbursing  Agent,  and  R.  E.  Shannon,  Trans- 
portation Agent.  As  a  successful  outcome  of  the  efforts  of  the  ,Board, 
a  large,  varied  and  representative  exhibit  was  shipped  on  December  13, 
1914,  by  the  U.  S.  Collier  Caesar,  via  the  Panama  Canal. 

The  Smithsonian  Exhibit  occupies  6,200  square  feet  of  space  in  the 
Liberal  Arts  Palace,  and  consists  of  a  booth  containing  exhibits  relating 
to  the  Institution  and  its  personnel ;  the  International  Exchange  Bureau, 
the  Library,  the  Hodgkins  Bequest,  the  Aerodynamical  Laboratory,  the 
Astrophysical  Observatory,  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific 
Literature,  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  and  the  National  Zoological  Park. 
Above  the  booth  is  suspended  a  model  of  the  Langley  experimental 
flying  machine.  The  remainder  of  the  space,  nearlyx6,000  square  feet, 
is  occupied  by  an  attractive  ethnological  collection  relating  to  four  races 


120  THE  EXHIBITS  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

of  uncivilized  man,  the  Dyak  of  Borneo,  the  Carib  of  British  Guiana, 
the  Zulu  of  South  Africa  and  the  Western  Eskimo  of  Alaska.  Each 
family  group  consists  of  several  costumed  figures  represented  as 
engaged  in  characteristic  occupations.  Small  models  show  the  village 
architecture  and  occupations  and  with  each  family  group  are  four  cases 
containing  specimens  of  arts  and  industries.  These  four  units  present 
a  pleasing  and  instructive  model  museum  exhibit. 

The  history  of  seven  important  inventions  is  illustrated  with  speci- 
mens arranged  in  the  presumed  order  of  development.  These  are  the 
implements  for  fire-making,  the  jackknife,  the  saw,  the  spindle,  the 
shuttle,  the  hafted  stone  ax  and  the  perforated  stone  ax. 

A  steremotorgraph  is  used  to  exhibit  lantern  slides  illustrating  the 
collections  of  ethnology,  biology  and  geology  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 

The  Smithsonian  exhibit  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 
late  Dr.  F.  W.  True,  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
The  exhibit  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  was  prepared  by 
Prof.  W.  H.  Holmes  and  Dr.  Walter  Hough,  assisted  by  U.  S.  J. 
Dunbar,  sculptor,  W.  H.  Egberts,  modeler,  and  R.  A.  Allen,  preparator. 
The  lantern  slides  were  made  by  T.  W.  Smillie,  photographer  of  the 
Museum. 


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